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Engineering Mathematics Complex Numbers 2

Complex numbers can be represented in the form x + iy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. They can also be represented in polar form as r(cosθ + i sinθ), where r is the magnitude and θ is the argument. Representing complex numbers in polar form allows easier manipulation through addition, subtraction, multiplication and division by using properties like: z1 + z2 = r1(cosθ1 + i sinθ1) + r2(cosθ2 + i sinθ2) z1z2 = r1r2(cos(θ1 + θ2) + i sin(θ1 + θ2)) z1/z2

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550 views

Engineering Mathematics Complex Numbers 2

Complex numbers can be represented in the form x + iy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. They can also be represented in polar form as r(cosθ + i sinθ), where r is the magnitude and θ is the argument. Representing complex numbers in polar form allows easier manipulation through addition, subtraction, multiplication and division by using properties like: z1 + z2 = r1(cosθ1 + i sinθ1) + r2(cosθ2 + i sinθ2) z1z2 = r1r2(cos(θ1 + θ2) + i sin(θ1 + θ2)) z1/z2

Uploaded by

RagulAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Numbers

Complex Numbers
Who uses them
in real life?

The navigation system in the space


shuttle depends on complex numbers!

A complex number z is a number of the form

x iy

i 1

where

x is the real part and y the imaginary part,


written as
x = Re z,
y = Im z.

i is called the imaginary unit

If x = 0, then z = iy is a pure imaginary number.

Some observations

In the beginning there were counting


numbers
1
2

Some observations
In the beginning there were counting
numbers
And then we needed integers

1
2

Some observations
In the beginning there were counting
numbers
And then we needed integers

1
-1

2
-3

Some observations
In the beginning there were counting
numbers
And then we needed integers
And rationals
1

0.41
-1

2
-3

Some observations
In the beginning there were counting
numbers
And then we needed integers
And rationals
1
0.41
And irrationals

-1

2
-3

Some observations
In the beginning there were counting
numbers
And then integers
And rationals
1
0.41
And irrationals
-1
0 2
And reals

-3

So where do unreals fit in ?


We have always used them. 6 is not just 6 it is
6 + 0i. Complex numbers incorporate all
numbers. 2i
3 + 4i
1
0.41
-1

2
-3

A number such as 3i is a purely imaginary


number
A number such as 6 is a purely real number
6 + 3i is a complex number
x + iy is the general form of a complex
number
If x + iy = 6 4i then x = 6 and y = -4

-2

Who goes first?

-2

Complex numbers do not have order

Worked Examples
1.

Simplify

Worked Examples
1.

Simplify

4 4 1
4 i2
2i

Worked Examples
1.

Simplify

4 4 1
4 i2
2i
2.

Evaluate
3i 4i 12i 2
12 1
12

Worked Examples
3. Simplify 3i 4i

Worked Examples
3. Simplify 3i 4i
3i 4i 7i

Worked Examples
3. Simplify 3i 4i
3i 4i 7i

4. Simplify 3i 7 4i 6

Worked Examples
3. Simplify 3i 4i
3i 4i 7i

4. Simplify 3i 7 4i 6
3i 7 4i 6 i 13

Worked Examples
3. Simplify 3i 4i
3i 4i 7i

4. Simplify 3i 7 4i 6
3i 7 4i 6 i 13

5. Simplify (3i 7)(3i 7)

Addition Subtraction
Multiplication
3. Simplify 3i 4i
3i 4i 7i

4. Simplify 3i 7 4i 6
3i 7 4i 6 i 13

5. Simplify (3i 7)(3i 7)


(3i 7)(3i 7) 3i 7 9 49 58
2

Division
6. Simplify

2
3i 7

The trick is to make the denominator real:


2
3i 7 2(3i 7)

3i 7 3i 7
58
(3i 7)

29
7 3i

29

Argand Diagrams
y

2 + 3i

3
2
1

x
1

Argand Diagrams
y

2 + 3i

3
2
1

x
1

We can represent complex


numbers as a point.

Argand Diagrams
y
3
2
1

x
1

Argand Diagrams
y
3
2
1
O

uuu
r
z1 2 i OA
x

We can represent complex


numbers as a vector.

Argand Diagrams
y

uuu
r
z2 2 3i OB
B

3
2
1
O

uuu
r
z1 2 i OA
x
3

Argand Diagrams

uuu
r
z2 2 3i OB
y
B

uuur
z3 4 4i OC

2
1
O

uuu
r
z1 2 i OA
x
3

Argand Diagrams

uuu
r
z2 2 3i OB
y
B

uuur
z3 4 4i OC

2
1
O

uuu
r
z1 2 i OA
x
3

uuu
r uuur
z1 z2 OA AC
uuur
OC

Argand Diagrams

uuu
r
z2 2 3i OB
y
B

uuur
z3 4 4i OC

2
1
O

uuu
r
z1 2 i OA
x
3

uur
BA ?

Argand Diagrams

uuu
r
z2 2 3i OB
y
B

uuur
z3 4 4i OC

2
1
O

uuu
r
z1 2 i OA
x
3

uur
BA ?

Argand Diagrams

uuu
r
z2 2 3i OB
y
B

uuur
z3 4 4i OC

2
1
O

uuu
r uur uuu
r
OB BA OA

uuu
r
z1 2 i OA
x
3

Argand Diagrams

uuu
r
z2 2 3i OB
y
B

uuur
z3 4 4i OC

2
1
O

uuu
r uur uuu
r
OB BA OA
uur uuu
r uuu
r
BA OA OB

uuu
r
z1 2 i OA
x
3

Argand Diagrams

uuu
r
z2 2 3i OB
y
B

uuur
z3 4 4i OC

2
1
O

uuu
r uur uuu
r
OB BA OA
uur uuu
r uuu
r
BA OA OB
z1 z2

uuu
r
z1 2 i OA
x
3

The complex conjugate of a complex


number, z = x + iy, denoted by z , is given
by
z = x iy.

Developing useful rules


Consider z1 a bi and z 2 c di

1. z1 z 2 z1 z 2
2. z1 z 2 z1 z 2

3. z1 z 2 z1 z 2
z1
z1

4.

z
z2
2

Polar Coordinates
With x r cos ,

y r sin
z r (cos i sin )

z takes the polar form:

r is called the absolute value or modulus or


magnitude of z and is denoted by |z|.
z r x2 y2 z z
Note that :

z z ( x iy )( x iy )
x y
2

Complex plane, polar form of a complex number


Geometrically, |z| is the distance of the point z from the origin
while is the directed angle from the positive x-axis to OP in
the above figure.
From the figure,

y
tan
x
1

is called the argument of z and is denoted by arg z. Thus,

y
arg z tan
x
1

z0

For z = 0, is undefined.
A complex number z 0 has infinitely many possible arguments,
each one differing from the rest by some multiple of 2. In fact,
arg z is actually

y
tan 2n , n 0,1,2,...
x
1

The value of that lies in the interval (-, ] is called the


principle argument of z ( 0) and is denoted by Arg z.

Euler Formula Exponential Form


The polar form of a complex number can be
rewritten as :
z r (cos i sin ) x iy
re

Derive

1 i
cos e e i
2
1 i
sin
e e i
2i

In mathematics terms, is referred to as the argument of


z and it can be positive or negative.
In engineering terms, is generally referred to as phase of

z and it can be positive or negative. It is denoted as z

The magnitude of z is the same both in Mathematics and


engineering, although in engineering, there are also
different interpretations depending on what physical
system one is referring to. Magnitudes are always > 0.

Im
z1
x
r1

z1 r1e

i1

+1
-2

z 2 r2 e

Re

r2

i 2

z2

r1 , r2 , 1 , 2 0

Example
A complex number, z = 1 + i , has a magnitude

| z | (12 12 ) 2
1

z tan 2n 2n rad
1
4

and argument :

Hence its principal argument is :

Arg z / 4

Hence in polar form :

z 2 cos i sin 2e 4
4
4

rad

Example
A complex number, z = 1 - i , has a magnitude

| z | (12 12 ) 2
and argument :

z tan

2
n

2
n

rad
1
4

Hence its principal argument is :

Arg z
rad
4

Hence in polar form :

z 2e

2 cos i sin
4
4

In what way does the polar form help in manipulating


complex numbers?

Other Examples
What about z1=0+i, z2=0-i, z3=2+i0, z4=-2?

z1 0 i
1e 0.5i
10.5
z3 2 i 0
2e
20
i0

z2 0 i1
1e 0.5i
1 0.5

z4 2 i 0
2ei
2

Im

z4 = -2

z1 = + i
0.5

z2 = - i

z3 = 2

Re

De Moivres Theorem
cos i sin cos n i sin n
n

This remarkable formula works for


all values of n.

Arithmetic Operations in Polar Form

The representation of z by its real and imaginary


parts is useful for addition and subtraction.

For multiplication and division, representation by


the polar form reduces simplification.

Suppose we have 2 complex numbers, z1 and z2 given by :

z1 x1 jy1 r1e

j1

z 2 x 2 jy2 r2 e

j 2

z1 z 2 x1 jy1 x 2 jy2
x1 x 2 j y1 y 2

z1 z 2 r1e

j1

r1 r2 e
magnitudes
multiply!

r e
2

j 2

j (1 ( 2 ))

phases add!

Easier with normal


form than polar form

Easier with polar form


than normal form

For a complex number z2 0,


j1

z1 r1e
r1 j (1 ( 2 )) r1 j (1 2 )

e
e
j 2
z 2 r2 e
r2
r2
magnitudes
divide!

z1 r1

z 2 r2

phases subtract!

z 1 ( 2 ) 1 2

Example

Example

z 3 i
5

Example

2z 1 i 0
4

One amazing result


What if I told you that ii is a real
number?

now i cos i sin


2
2

now i cos i sin


2
2
i
but e cos i sin

so e cos i sin i
2
2
i

now i cos i sin


2
2
but ei cos i sin

so e cos i sin i
2
2

i
2

i
e

now i cos i sin


2
2
but ei cos i sin

so e cos i sin i
2
2

i
2

e i

e

i2

e ii
ii = 0.20787957635076190855

3
3
now i cos
i sin
2
2
but ei cos i sin
so e

3
i
2

5
2

3
3
cos
i sin
i
2
2

i2

3
2

3
2

ii
ii = 111.31777848985622603

So ii is an infinite number of
real numbers

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