Engineering Drawing

(MEng 6201)
Chapter Seven
Intersection and
Development

Abdurazak A.

Introduction to Development
Development is the outside surface of a
geometric form laid flat. Parts designed to
be produced from flat materials are cut from
a pattern that is drawn as development. In
development, the complete unfolded layout
drawing of a part showing the total surface
area in one view is constructed from true
length dimensions; and his flat plane
drawing shows each surface of the part as
true shape.
In development, all surfaces of the object are
connected along their adjacent bend lines.

Introduction to Development
Sheet metal objects, cardboard packaging,
large diameter cylindrical vessels and piping,
funnels, cans, and ducts are just some of
objects made from developments.
The
actual
developed
flat
sheet
configuration is to cut according to its
developed pattern. Then the final operations
include bending, folding or rolling, and
stretching the part to its required design.
The four most common shapes that can be
accurately
developed
include
prism,
pyramid, cylinder and cone.

Introduction to Development

Introduction to Development
An object is normally developed by unfolding
or unrolling its surfaces onto the plane of the
paper. The actual drawing of the object
consists of showing each successive surface
as true shape and connected along common
edges.
For cone and cylinder bending lines are not
required whereas for prism and pyramid
bending lines are required to represent the
edges.
Each of the parts is developed as an insideup pattern drawing (it is unfolded/unrolled so

Types of Development
There are four types which the
classification is based on the shape of
the surface and the method employed
to construct its development.
The four types development are:
1. Parallel line
2. Radial line
3. Triangulation
4. Approximation

Types of Development
Parallel line: used for objects that are
composed of parallel straight line elements
or edges: such as cylinders and prisms.

Types of Development
Radial line: used for objects whose edges
or elements define triangular surface areas:
such as pyramids and cones.

Types of Development
Triangulation: is a means of developing a
surface by breaking it into a series of
triangle. The objects made by a combination
of curved and plan surfaces are developed
by triangulation.

Types of Development
Approximation: used for objects whose
surfaces can not be truly developed: such as
spherical shapes.

Development of a Prism
A prism can be right prism (that makes
an angle 90o with the horizontal) or
oblique (that makes an angle different
from 90o with the horizontal); can be
full prism or truncated; and can be
hollow prism or solid. In development,
hollow prisms are considered.
In development of a prism, the length
and the height of the developed
surface are the perimeter of the crosssection and the edge heights of a

Development of a Prism

Development of a right prism.

Development of a Prism

Development of a truncated right prism.

Development of a Prism

Development of an oblique prism.

Development of a Cylinder
A cylinder can be right cylinder (that
makes an angle 90o with the
horizontal) or oblique (that makes an
angle different from 90o with the
horizontal); can be full cylinder or
truncated; and can be hollow cylinder
or solid. In development, hollow
cylinders are considered.
In development of a cylinder, the
length and the height of the developed
surface are the circumference (pie i.e.

Development of a Cylinder

Development of a right cylinder.

Development of a Prism

Development of a truncated right

cylinder.

Development of a Prism

Development of a truncated right

cylinder.

Development of a Prism

Development of an oblique cylinder.

Development of a Prism

Development of an oblique cylinder.

Development of a Cone
A cone can be right cone (that makes
an angle 90o with the horizontal) or
oblique (that makes an angle different
from 90o with the horizontal); can be
full cone, frustum or truncated; and
can be hollow cone or solid. In
development,
hollow
cones
are
considered.
In development of a cone, the area of
the developed surface is the sector
made by the circumference and

Development of a Cone

Development of a right cone.

Development of a Cone

Development of a frustum right cone.

Development of a Cone

Development of a truncated right cone.

Development of a Cone

Development of an oblique cone.

Development of a Pyramid
A pyramid can be right pyramid (that
makes an angle 90o with the
horizontal) or oblique (that makes an
angle different from 90o with the
horizontal); can be full pyramid,
frustum or truncated; and can be
hollow
pyramid
or
solid.
In
development, hollow pyramids are
considered.
In development of a pyramid, the area
of the developed surface is the sum of

Development of a Pyramid

Development of a right pyramid.

Development of a Pyramid

Development of a frustum right

pyramid.

Development of a Pyramid

Development of a truncated right

pyramid.

Development of a Pyramid

Development of a truncated right

pyramid.

Development of a Pyramid

Development of an oblique pyramid.

Development of a Rectangular to
Circular Transition Piece

This type of object is made by a

combination of curved and plan
surfaces. It is developed by breaking it
into a series of triangles.

Development of a Rectangular to
Circular Transition Piece

Development of a Sphere
A sphere is made up of wrapped
surfaces. It is developed by two
approximation method namely, gore
method and zone method.

Development of a Sphere

Development of a sphere by gore

method.

Development of a Sphere

Development of a sphere by zone

method.

Development of a Combined Objects

Development of a combined objects applied
the following: A combination of two prisms,
combination of two cylinders, a combination
of two cones, a combination of two
pyramids, a combination of a prism and a
cylinder, a combination of a prism and a
cone, a combination of a prism and a
pyramid, a combination of a cylinder and a
cone, a combination of a cylinder and a
pyramid and combination of a cone and a
pyramid.
Some of the development of a combined
objects are shown with examples.

Development of a Combined Objects

Development of a combination of two

prisms.

Development of a Combined Objects

Development of a combination of two

cylinders.

Development of a Combined Objects

Development of a combination of two

cylinders.

Introduction to Intersection
When two surface, either plane or curved,
meet a line formed common to both called
line of intersection.
Line of intersection can be formed by a
combination of two prisms, combination of
two cylinders, a combination of two cones, a
combination of two pyramids, a combination
of a prism and a cylinder, a combination of a
prism and a cone, a combination of a prism
and a pyramid, a combination of a cylinder
and a cone, a combination of a cylinder and
a pyramid and combination of a cone and a
pyramid.

Introduction to Intersection
Two object can be intersect at angle of 90o
(right intersection) or at an angle different
from 90o (oblique intersection); and can be
intersect symmetrically or asymmetrically.

Line of Intersection between

Two Prisms

Line of intersection between two prisms right angle to each

other-symmetrical.

Line of Intersection between

Two Prisms

Line of intersection between two prisms right angle to each

other-asymmetrical.

Line of Intersection between

Two Prisms

Line of intersection between two prisms oblique angle to

each other.

Line of Intersection between

Two Cylinders

Line of intersection between two cylinders right angle to

each other.

Line of Intersection between

Two Cylinders

Line of intersection between two cylinders oblique to

each other.

Line of Intersection between a Cone

and a Cylinder

Line of Intersection between a Cone

and a Prism

Line of Intersection between a

Cylinder and a Prism

Line of Intersection between a

Sphere and a Prism

Line of Intersection between a Sphere

and a Cylinder