Magnetism

Alternating-Current Circuits

AlternatingCurrentGenerators
AcoilofareaAandNturnsrotatingwithconstantangularvelocityinauniform
magneticfieldproducesasinusoidalemf

Alternatingcurrentmotor
Insteadofmechanicallyrotating,wecanapplyanacpotentialdifference
generatedbyotheracgeneratortothecoil.Thisproducesanaccurrentinthe
coil,andthemagneticfieldexertsforcesonthewiresproducingatorquethat
rotatesthecoil.

Themagneticfield.
Magneticforcesonmovingcharges.
Magneticforcesonacurrentelement
Torquesoncurrentloopsandmagnets

TheMagneticField

Magnets

TheEarthisanaturalmagnetwith
magneticpolesnearthenorthand
southgeographicpoles.

TheMagneticField
Magnets

Doesanisolatedmagnetic
poleexist?
TheSIunitsofmagnetic
fieldisthetesla[T]
Earthmagneticfieldis
about104T
Powerfullaboratories
producefieldsof12Tasa
maximum
1Gauss[G]=104Tesla[T]

TheMagneticField

TheMagneticField.Magneticforceonamovingcharge

AprotonismovinginaregionofcrossedfieldsE=
2x105N/CandB=3000G,asshowninthefigure.
(a)Whatisthespeedoftheprotonifitisnot
deflected.(b)Iftheelectricfieldisdisconnected,
drawthepathoftheproton

TheMagneticField.Magneticforceonacurrentelement

Inthecaseofastraightsegment
oflengthL

TheMagneticField.TorquesonCurrentloopsand
Magnets

Acurrentcarryingloop
experiencesnonetforceina
uniformmagneticfield,butitdoes
experienceatorquethattendsto
twisttheloop

Acircularloopofradius2cmhas10turnsofwireandcarriesacurrentof3A.The
axisoftheloopmakesanangleof30withamagneticfieldof8000G.Findthe
magnitudeofthetorqueontheloop.

SourcesofMagneticField
TheMagneticFieldofMovingCharges
TheMagneticFieldofCurrents.TheBiot
SavartLaw
TheMagneticFieldDuetoaCurrentloop

SourcesofMagneticField
MovingPointChargesarethesourceofMagneticField

SourcesofMagneticField
Asolenoid

Foralong
solenoid

Asolenoidisawiretightly
woundedintoahelixof
closelyspaceturns.A
solenoidisusedtoproducea
strong,uniformmagnetic
fieldintheregionsurrounded
bytheloops

Inthisfigure,thelengthisten
timeslongerthantheradius

Findthemagneticfieldatthecenterofa
n=N/L;Nnumberofturns; solenoidof600turns,length20cm;
radius1.4cmthatcarriesacurrentof4A
L:lengthofsolenoid

SourcesofMagneticField:Solenoidandmagnets

Left:Magneticfieldlinesofasolenoid;rightMagneticfieldlinesofabarmagnet

MagneticInduction
MagneticFlux
InducedEMFandFaradaysLaw
LenzsLaw

MAGNETICINDUCTION
In1830,MichelFaradayinEnglandandJosephHenryintheUSA
independentlydiscoveredthatinachangingmagneticfield,achanging
magneticfluxthroughasurfaceboundedbyastationaryloopofwireinduces
acurrentinthewire:emfinducedandinducedcurrent.Thisprocessis
knownasinduction.
Inastaticmagneticfield,achangingmagneticfluxthroughasurfacebounded
byamovingloopofwireinducesanemfinthewire:motionalemf

Magneticfluxthroughasurfaceboundedbyaloopofwire.

TheSIunitformagneticfluxis
weber[Wb]1Wb=1Tm2

Findthemagneticfluxthrougha40cmlong
solenoidwitha2.5cmradiusand600turns
carryingacurrentof7.5A.

MAGNETICINDUCTION

Theinducedemfisinsuchdirectionasto
oppose,ortendtooppose,thechangethat
producesit.LenzsLaw

MAGNETICINDUCTION

Thecoilwithmanyturnsofwiregives
alargefluxforagivencurrentinthe
circuit.Thus,whenthecurrent
changes,thereisalargeemfinduced
inthecoilopposingthechange.This
selfinducedemfiscalledabackemf

EddyCurrents

Heatproducedbyeddycurrentsconstituteapowerlossina
transformer.Buteddycurrentshavesomepracticalapplications:
dampingmechanicaloscillations,magneticbrakingsystem

Inductance
Selfinductance

TheSIunitof
inductanceis
thehenry[H]
1H=1Wb/A=1T.m2.A1

Findtheselfinductanceofasolenoidoflength10cm,
area5cm2,and100turns

MagneticEnergy

AlternatingCurrentGenerators
AcoilofareaAandNturnsrotatingwithconstantangularvelocityinauniform
magneticfieldproducesasinusoidalemf

Alternatingcurrentmotor
Insteadofmechanicallyrotating,wecanapplyanacpotentialdifference
generatedbyotheracgeneratortothecoil.Thisproducesanaccurrentinthe
coil,andthemagneticfieldexertsforcesonthewiresproducingatorquethat
rotaesthecoil.

AlternatingCurrentGenerators

AcoilofareaAandNturnsrotatingwithconstantangularvelocityinauniform
magneticfieldproducesasinusoidalemf

m NBA cos
and t
m NBA cos( t )
dm

NBA sin( t )
dt
peak sin( t )
frequency f ; 2 f

AlternatingCurrentCircuits:

AlternatingcurrentinaResistor
InductorsinAlternatingCurrents
CapacitorsinAlternatingCurrents

AlternatingcurrentsinaResistor

VR max cos t VR , peak cos t

RootMeanSquareValues

InductorsinAlternatingCurrentCircuits

Thepotentialdropacrosstheinductor
ledthecurrent90(outofphase)

dI
max cos t VL , peak cos t
dt
VL , peak
VL , peak
dI VL , peak

cos t I
sin t
cos( t )
dt
L
L
L
2

VL L

INDUCTIVE I peak VL , peak ;

I rms

VL , rms

Instantaneouspowerdeliveredbytheemftotheinductorisnotzero
Theaveragepowerdeliveredbytheemftotheinductoriszero.

InductorsinAlternatingCurrentCircuits
Thepotentialdropacrossa40mH
inductorissinusoidalwithapeak
potentialdropof120V.Findthe
inductivereactanceandthepeakcurrent
whenthefrequencyis(a)60Hz,and
(b)2000Hz

I peak

VL , peak

I rms

VL , rms

INDUCTIVE
REACTANCE
Instantaneouspowerdeliveredbytheemftotheinductorisnotzero
Theaveragepowerdeliveredbytheemftotheinductoriszero.

CapacitorsinAlternatingCurrentCircuits

The
potential
droplags
the
current
by90

Q
VC max cos t VC , peak cos t
C
Q CVC , peak cos t
VC , peak
dQ

I
CVC , peak sin t I
cos( t )
dt
2
1

VC , peak
VC , rms
; I rms
CAPACITIVE I peak
1

REACTANCE

Powerdeliveredbytheemfinthecapacitor:Instantaneousandaverage

DrivenRLCCircuits
SeriesRLCcircuit

TheKirchhoffsrulesgovern
thebehaviorofpotential
dropsandcurrentacrossthe
circuit.
(a)Whenanyclosedloopis
traversed,thealgebraicsum
ofthechangesofpotential
mustequalzero(loopsrule)
(b)Atanyjunction(branch
point)inacircuitwherethe
currentcanbedivided,the
sumofthecurrentsintothe
junctionmustequalthesum
ofthecurrentsoutofthe
junction(junctionrule)

SeriesRLCcircuits
dI
Q
dQ
Vapp , peak cos t L
IR ; I
dt
C
dt
d 2Q dQ
Q
L

R Vapp , peak cos t

PowerdeliveredtotheseriesRLCcircuit
P I peak cos t I peak cos( t

)
2

1
P av peak I peak cos rms I rms cos
2
P RI 2 dissipated in the resistor
R
Z2
as R / Z cos and I peak Vapp , peak / Z
2
2
Pav RI rms
Vapp
, rms

1
Vapp , peak I peak cos Vapp ,rms I rms cos
2

Powerfactor:
cos

SeriesRLCcircuits
AseriesRLCcircuitwithL=2H,C=2F
andR=20isdrivenbyanidealgenerator
withapeakemfof100Vandafrequencyof
60Hz,find(a)thecurrentpeak(b)thephase
(c)thepowerfactor,(d)theaveragepower
delivered;(e)thepeakpotentialdropacross
eachelement

Phasors
Potentialdropacrossaresistorcanbe
representedbyavectorVR,whichiscalleda
phasor.Then,thepotentialdropacrossthe
resistorIR,isthexcomponentofvectorVR,

Potentialdropacrossa
seriesRLCcircuit

Vapp cos t L

dI
Q
IR
dt
C

Inthecircuitshowninthefigure,the
acgeneratorproducesanrmsvoltage
of115Vwhenoperatedat60Hz.(a)
Whatisthermscurrentinthecircuit
(b)Whatisthepowerdeliveredby
theacgenerator(c)Whatistherms
voltageacross:pointsAB;points
BC;pointsCD;pointsAC;points
BD?.
Acertainelectricaldevicedraws10Armsandhasanaveragepowerof720W
whenconnectedtoa120Vrms60Hzpowerline.(a)Whatistheimpedance
ofthedevice?(b)Whatseriescombinationofresistanceandreactanceisthis
deviceequivalentto?(c)Ifthecurrentleadstheemf,isthereactanceinductive
orcapacitive?

TheTransformer

Becauseoftheironcore,thereisalarge
magneticfluxthrougheachcoil,evenwhen
themagnetizingcurrentImintheprimary
circuitisverysmall.
Theprimarycircuitconsistsofanac
generatorandapureinductance(weconsider
anegligibleresistanceforthecoil).Thenthe
averagepowerdissipatedintheprimarycoil
iszero.Why?:Themagnetizingcurrentin
theprimarycoilandthevoltagedropacross
theprimarycoilareoutofphaseby90

Atransformerisadevicetoraiseorlower
thevoltageinacircuitwithoutan
appreciablelossofpower.Powerlosses
arisefromJouleheatinginthesmall
resistancesinbothcoils,orincurrents
loops(eddycurrents)withintheironcore.
Anidealtransformeristhatinwhichthese
lossesdonotoccur,100%efficiency.
Actualtransformersreach9095%
efficiency
Secondarycoilopencircuit
Thepotentialdropacrossthe
dturn
primarycoilis

V1 N1

dt

Ifthereisnofluxleakageoutoftheiron
core,thefluxthrougheachturnisthe
sameforbothcoils,andthen

V2 N

dturn
2 dt

N2
V2
V1
N1

TheTransformer AresistanceR,loadresistance,inthe
secondarycircuit
AcurrentI2willbeinthesecondarycoil,whichis
inphasewiththepotentialdropV2acrossthe
resistance.Thiscurrentsetsupandadditionalflux
turnthrougheachturn,whichisproportionalto
N2I2.Thisfluxopposestheoriginalfluxsetsup
bytheoriginalmagnetizingcurrentIminthe
primary.
However,thepotentialdropintheprimaryisdeterminedbythegeneratoremf
Accordingtothis,thetotalfluxintheironcoremustbethesameas
whenthereisnoloadinthesecondary.Theprimarycoilthusdrawsanadditionalcurrent
I1tomaintaintheoriginalfluxturn.Thefluxthrougheachturnproducedbythis
additionalcurrentisproportionaltoN1I1.Sincethisfluxequalsturn,theadditional
currentI1intheprimaryisrelatedtothecurrentI2inthesecondaryby

N1 I 1 N 2 I 2

Thesecurentsare180outofphaseandproducecounteractingfluxes.SinceI2isin
phasewithV2,theadditionalcurrentI1isinphasewiththepotentialdropacrossthe
primary.Then,iftherearenolosses

V1,rms I1,rms V2,rms I 2,rms