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    Aetiology of Malocclusion

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    This document discusses the aetiology of malocclusion, or abnormal alignment of the teeth. It defines malocclusion and categorizes its causes into general and local factors. General factors are largely genetic and affect the overall occlusion, including the skeletal relationship between the jaws in the antero-posterior, vertical, and lateral planes. Soft tissue factors like the size and function of the tongue, cheeks, and lips can also influence malocclusion. Local factors include variations in individual tooth numbers, shapes, positions, local soft tissues issues, habits, trauma, and pathology.

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    Aetiology of Malocclusion

    Uploaded by

    amen
    167 views16 pages
    This document discusses the aetiology of malocclusion, or abnormal alignment of the teeth. It defines malocclusion and categorizes its causes into general and local factors. General factors are largely genetic and affect the overall occlusion, including the skeletal relationship between the jaws in the antero-posterior, vertical, and lateral planes. Soft tissue factors like the size and function of the tongue, cheeks, and lips can also influence malocclusion. Local factors include variations in individual tooth numbers, shapes, positions, local soft tissues issues, habits, trauma, and pathology.

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    This document discusses the aetiology of malocclusion, or abnormal alignment of the teeth. It defines malocclusion and categorizes its causes into general and local factors. General factors are largely genetic and affect the overall occlusion, including the skeletal relationship between the jaws in the antero-posterior, vertical, and lateral planes. Soft tissue factors like the size and function of the tongue, cheeks, and lips can also influence malocclusion. Local factors include variations in individual tooth numbers, shapes, positions, local soft tissues issues, habits, trauma, and pathology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    167 views16 pages

    Aetiology of Malocclusion

    Uploaded by

    amen
    This document discusses the aetiology of malocclusion, or abnormal alignment of the teeth. It defines malocclusion and categorizes its causes into general and local factors. General factors are largely genetic and affect the overall occlusion, including the skeletal relationship between the jaws in the antero-posterior, vertical, and lateral planes. Soft tissue factors like the size and function of the tongue, cheeks, and lips can also influence malocclusion. Local factors include variations in individual tooth numbers, shapes, positions, local soft tissues issues, habits, trauma, and pathology.

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    Aetiology of

    malocclusion
    Dr. M.O. Johnson
    23/ 01/ 2007.

    Definition
    Malocclusion refers to an abnormality in

    alignment of teeth or incorrect relation


    between the upper and lower jaws which
    results in aesthetic and functional (speech
    and mastication) impairments.

    The aetiology of malocclusion may be

    categorized into 2 main groups of factors:


    General factors affect all or a greater part
    of the occlusion and are largely genetically
    determined.
    Local factors affect 1 or 2 adjacent or
    opposing teeth.

    General factors : skeletal relationship


    soft tissue form.

    Skeletal relationship
    This is the relationship between the basal
    bones of the upper and lower jaws. Usually
    assessed in 3 planes :

    Antero-posterior plane

    vertical plane

    Lateral plane.

    Antero-posterior plane :In this plane, occlusion is in 3 classes:


    Class I- the mandible and maxilla are in a
    balanced relation to each other.
    Class II the mandible is posteriorly placed
    relative to the maxilla.
    Class III the mandible is anteriorly placed
    relative to the maxilla.

    Vertical plane:This assesses the anterior lower facial height in


    relation to the posterior part.
    increased anterior lower facial height relative to
    the posterior Anterior open bite.
    reduced anterior lower facial height deep
    over bite.

    Lateral plane
    Assesses the width of the jaws in relation to
    each other.
    A narrow upper dental base cross bite
    (unilateral or bilateral).
    A narrow lower dental base scissors bite
    or lingual cross bite.

    Soft tissue form


    Muscles around the orofacial region may play a
    role in the development of abnormal
    occlusion if they exert a profound effect
    during the development of dentition.
    The teeth lie within the dental arch between the
    tongue on one side and the lips and cheeks
    on the other side.

    The tongue the size, resting posture and


    function of the tongue play a secondary role
    to the lips in determining the labio -lingual
    position of the teeth.
    Ideally the tongue should be conveniently
    Accommodated within the dental arch in centric
    occlusion, an increase in size outward
    spread of the tongue bimaxillary
    proclination.

    The resting posture of the tongue should be


    such that it is accommodated within the arch,
    excessive spread into the gap between the
    upper and lower anterior teeth at rest (tongue
    thrust) anterior open bite.
    Abnormal function of the tongue such as
    thrusting during swallowing &/or speech has
    the following effects on occlusion:
    Proclination of upper incisors
    Anterior open bite.

    The cheeks this is through the action of the

    buccinator muscle and results in a posterior


    cross bite, especially in cases where the
    tongue or jaw lies in a low position and the
    action of the buccinator is not opposed.
    The lips if held apart at rest, the lips are
    said to be incompetent and the following
    abnormalities in occlusion may result:

    The upper incisors are proclined because

    they rest on the lip which acts on them during


    function.
    The lower incisors are retroclined because
    the lip is trapped behind the upper incisors.

    Local factors:
    A. Variation in tooth number
    Supernumerary/supplemental teeth rotation,
    displacement and crowding of teeth.
    Hypodontia (oligodontia) spacing
    Premature loss of primary teeth drifting of
    adjacent teeth into the space created
    .loss of space for permanent teeth/crowding
    .midline shift.
    Retained primary teeth occupy space for
    permanent teeth.

    B. Variation in tooth form/shape


    Macrodontia(large teeth) crowding
    Microdontia (small teeth) spacing
    Additional cusps occlusal interference
    between the upper and lower teeth.
    C. Abnormalities in tooth position i.e.
    transposition e.g. the canine being in place of
    the lateral incisor.

    D. Local soft tissue abnormalities


    A prominent maxillary labial frenum ( i.e. attached to
    the incisive papilla instead of 2-3mm above it) a
    midline diastema.
    E. Local pathology: cysts
    cleft palate.
    F. Habits: digit sucking
    tongue thrusting
    mouth breathing
    G. Trauma.

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