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Principles of Steady State Converter Analysis: Anjana S Ap, Eee

This document provides a review of steady state converter analysis principles including: 1) It describes using a switch to change the dc voltage level and introduces concepts like duty cycle and Fourier analysis. 2) It discusses inserting a low-pass filter to remove switching harmonics and pass only the dc component, with the filter cutoff frequency much smaller than the switching frequency. 3) It introduces approximations that can be used like the inductor volt-second balance, capacitor charge balance, and small ripple approximation to simplify analysis of converter waveforms and determine average values.

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mridul mp
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46 views

Principles of Steady State Converter Analysis: Anjana S Ap, Eee

This document provides a review of steady state converter analysis principles including: 1) It describes using a switch to change the dc voltage level and introduces concepts like duty cycle and Fourier analysis. 2) It discusses inserting a low-pass filter to remove switching harmonics and pass only the dc component, with the filter cutoff frequency much smaller than the switching frequency. 3) It introduces approximations that can be used like the inductor volt-second balance, capacitor charge balance, and small ripple approximation to simplify analysis of converter waveforms and determine average values.

Uploaded by

mridul mp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRINCIPLES OF

STEADY STATE
CONVERTER
ANALYSIS
ANJANA S
AP, EEE

REVIEW
A simple dc-dc converter example

Input source:100V
Output load:50V, 10A, 500W
How can this converter be realized?

REVIEW
Use of a SPDT switch

Vs(t) = Vg;
Vs(t) = 0 ;

S1
S2

REVIEW
Switch changes dc voltage level
Duty cycle D ; fraction of time switch is in position
1

REVIEW
Fourier analysis:

Switch reduces dc voltage by a factor of D

REVIEW
Insertion of low-pass filter to remove switching
harmonics and pass only dc component

Switch is designed to pass the dc component of V s(t) ,


and to reject components at Vs(t) and its harmonics
Choose filter cutoff frequency f0 much smaller than
switching frequency fs.

REVIEW
Output voltage v = dc component of Vs(t)

Control characteristics of the converter


Buck converter has a linear control characteristics

REVIEW
Feedback systems constructed to adjust the duty
cycle D to regulate converter output voltage

REVIEW
Buck Converter : Steps down the voltage
Boost Converter : Steps up the voltage
Buck-Boost converter : Increase/ Decrease
magnitude with
polarity reversed
Possible to produce any desired dc output voltage
using a passive network of only inductors,
capacitors and embedded switches (Lossless
elements!!)
Efficiencies approaching 100 % can be obtained

REVIEW
How to solve converters exactly??
Laplace transform to write expressions for
waveforms of the circuits
Invert the transforms, Match boundary conditions,
find the periodic steady state solution of the
circuit
Can find average values, peak values
But this is a great deal of work!!
Some approximations could be made
Inductor volt-sec balance
Capacitor charge balance
small ripple/linear ripple approximation

INDUCTOR VOLT-SEC BALANCE,


CAPACITOR CHARGE BALANCE,
AND SMALL RIPPLE
APPROXIMATION
Impossible to build a perfect low-pass filter
Filter allows small amount of high-frequency
harmonics to reach the output
Actual output voltage
waveform

v(t) = V + vripple(t)

Actual output voltage v(t) consists of desired


component V, and a small undesired ac component
Vripple(t) due to incomplete attenuation of switching
harmonics by the low pass filter.
In a well-designed converter, the output voltage
ripple is small. Hence, the waveforms can be easily
determined by ignoring the ripple:

Therfore output voltage v(t)

SMALL RIPPLE APPROXIMATION/ LINEAR


RIPPLE
APPROXIMATION

BUCK CONVERTER ANALYSIS : INDUCTOR CURRENT


WAVEFORM
Buck converter
containing practical
low-pass filter

INDUCTOR VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SUBINTERVAL 1:


SWITCH IN POSITION 1

Output v(t) = V +Vripple(t)

Switch in position 1, inductor voltage is essentially constant


(Vg V)

INDUCTOR VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SUBINTERVAL 2:


SWITCH IN POSITION 2

During second subinterval, inductor current changes with a


negative and essentially constant slope

Inductor voltage and current waveforms

Inductor current begins with some initial value iL(0)

Determination of inductor current ripple magnitude

Peak inductor current = dc value I + peak to


average ripple iL
Ripple magnitude can be calculated as
Since waveform
is symmetrical
about I
2iL= peak to peak ripple

Typical value of iL = 10 % to 20 % of full load


value of I

iL too large ; peak current of L and


semiconductor device increase; increase size
and cost
So by design, iL should be small
Small ripple approximation iL(t) I is justified

Inductance value chosen such that desired


current ripple iL is attained.

Inductor current waveform during start-up transient


Just seen the inductor current waveform for steady
state conditions with the converter operating in
equilibrium.

What happens to inductor current when


converter is first turned on?
Initial inductor current il(0) = 0
Output voltage v(t) = 0;

Apply Vg

During subinterval 1 (S1) inductor current


increases with slope (Vg-v)/L ; initially v = 0 ;
essentially constant slope Vg/L
During subinterval 2 (S2) inductor current
decreases with slope -v/L ; initially v = 0 ;
essentially 0 slope constant

Net increase in iL(t) over 1st switching period.


iL(t) flows to capacitor, capacitor charges, v will
increase slightly
Process repeats ; increases during 1st subinterval;
decreases during 2nd subinterval
As capacitor charges, slope during S1 decreases;
during S2 becomes more negative

A point is reached when


increase in iL(t) during S1 = decrease in iL(t) during S2
No net change in inductor current over a complete
switching period
Converter operates in steady state

The principle of inductor volt-second balance:


Derivation

I.e., initial and final values of inductor current are


the same

I.e., in equilibrium applied inductor voltage must


have zerp dc component.
Inductor volt-second balance: Buck converter
example

D + D
=1

Advantage
Can be applied to derive expression for dc voltage
of any converter.
Sketch the applied inductor waveform and equate
the average value to zero.

The principle of capacitor charge balance:


Derivation

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