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CHAPTER3

The document discusses the processes of sampling and quantization that are used to convert continuous image data into digital form. Sampling involves taking discrete samples of the image signal along the x and y axes. Quantization involves assigning discrete numeric levels to the sampled signal values. Together, sampling and quantization allow continuous image data to be represented as a digital matrix of numeric values.

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Eddy Suleiman
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48 views18 pages

CHAPTER3

The document discusses the processes of sampling and quantization that are used to convert continuous image data into digital form. Sampling involves taking discrete samples of the image signal along the x and y axes. Quantization involves assigning discrete numeric levels to the sampled signal values. Together, sampling and quantization allow continuous image data to be represented as a digital matrix of numeric values.

Uploaded by

Eddy Suleiman
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

Image Sampling & Quantisation

3.1 Basic Concepts

•To create a digital image, we need to


convert continuous sensed data into
digital form.
•This involves two processes: sampling
and quantisation
•The basic idea behind sampling and
quantization is illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
• Figure 3.1(a) shows a continuous image,
f (x, y), that we want to convert to digital
form.
• To convert it to digital form, we have to
sample the function in both coordinates
and in amplitude.
• An image may be continuous with respect
to the x‑ and y‑coordinates and also in
amplitude.
• Digitizing the coordinate values is called
sampling.
• Digitizing the amplitude values is called
quantization.
Fig 3.1 Generating a digital image (a) Continuous image. (b) A scan line from
A to B in the continuous image. (c) Sampling & quantisation. (d) Digital scan
line.
• The one‑dimensional function shown in
Fig. 3.1(b) is a plot of amplitute (gray level)
values of the continuous image along the
line segment AB in Fig. 3.1(a).
• To sample this function, we take equally
spaced samples along line AB, as shown
in Fig. 3.1(c).
• Location of each sample is given by a
vertical tick mark in the bottom part of the
figure.
• The samples are shown as small white
squares superimposed on the function.
The set of these discrete locations gives
the sampled function.
• However, the values of the samples still
span (vertically) a continuous range of
gray‑level values.
• In order to form a digital function, the
gray‑level values also must be converted
(quantized) into discrete quantities.
• The right side of Fig. 3.1(c) shows the
gray‑level scale divided into eight discrete
levels, ranging from black to white.
• The vertical tick marks indicate the specific
value assigned to each of eight gray
levels.
• The continuous gray levels are quantized
simply by assigning one of the eight
discrete gray levels to each sample.
• The assignment is made depending on the
vertical proximity of a sample to a vertical
tick mark.
• The digital samples resulting from both
sampling and quantization are shown in
Fig. 3.1(d) and Fig 3.2 (b).
Fig. 3.2 (a) Continuous image projected onto a sensor array.
(b) Result of image sampling and quantisation
3.2 Representing Digital Images
• The result of sampling and quantisation is
a matrix of real numbers as shown in
Fig.3.3, Fig.3.4. and Fig 3.5.
• The values of the coordinates at the origin
are (x,y) = (0,0).
• The next coordinate values along the first
row are (x,y) = (0,1).
• The notation (0,1) is used to signify the 2nd
sample along the 1st row.
Fig. 3.3. Coordinate convention used to represent
digital images
Fig. 3.4. A digital image of size M x N
• It is advantageous to use a more
traditional matrix notation to denote a
digital image and its elements.

Fig. 3.5 A digital image


• The number of bits required to store a
digitised image is

• b=MxNxk
Where M & N are the number of rows and
columns, respectively.
• The number of gray levels is an integer
power of 2:
• L = 2k where k =1,2,…24
• It is common practice to refer to the image
as a “k-bit image”
• The spatial resolution of an image is the
physical size of a pixel in that image; i.e.,
the area in the scene that is represented
by a single pixel in that image.
• Dense sampling will produce a high
resolution image in which there are many
pixels, each of which represents of a small
part of the scene.
• Coarse sampling, will produce a low
resolution image in which there are a few
pixels, each of which represents of a
relatively large part of the scene.
Fig. 3.6 Effect of resolution on image interpretation (a) 8x8
image. (b) 32x32 image © 256x256 image
Fig.3.7 Effect of quantisation on image interpretation. (a) 4
levels. (b) 16 levels. (c) 256 levels

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