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Introduction to

Artificial Intelligence
Lecture Module 1

Prof Saroj Kaushik

Contents

Artificial Intelligence
Characterstics of AI Program
Categories of System
Turing Test
Foundations of AI
Views of AI Goals
Components of AI Programs
Sub-areas of AI
Applications
Latest Perception of AI
Prof Saroj Kaushik

Artificial Intelligence

Quick Answer from Academia:

Modeling human cognition or mental faculty


using computers
Study of making computers do things which
at the moment people better
Making computers do things which require
intelligence

Prof Saroj Kaushik

More Formal Definition of AI

AI is a branch of computer science which is


concerned with the study and creation of
computer systems that exhibit
some form of intelligence
OR
those characteristics which we associate
with intelligence in human behavior

Prof Saroj Kaushik

AI is a broad area consisting of


different fields, from machine vision,
expert systems to the creation of
machines that can "think".

In order to classify machines as


"thinking", it is necessary to define
intelligence.

Prof Saroj Kaushik

What is Intelligence?

Intelligence is a property of mind that


encompasses many related mental abilities,
such as the capabilities to

reason
plan
solve problems
think abstractly
comprehend ideas and language and
learn
Prof Saroj Kaushik

Characteristics of AI
systems

learn new concepts and tasks


reason and draw useful conclusions about
the world around us

remember complicated interrelated facts and draw


conclusions from them (inference)

understand a natural language or perceive


and comprehend a visual scene

look through cameras and see what's there


(vision), to move themselves and objects around
in the real world (robotics)
Prof Saroj Kaushik

Contd..

plan sequences of actions to complete a goal


offer advice based on rules and situations
may not necessarily imitate human senses and
thought processes

but indeed, in performing some tasks differently, they


may actually exceed human abilities

capable of performing intelligent tasks effectively


and efficiently
perform tasks that require high levels of intelligence
Prof Saroj Kaushik

Understanding of AI

AI techniques and ideas seem to be


harder to understand than most things in
computer science

AI shows best on complex problems for


which general principles don't help much,
though there are a few useful general
principles
Prof Saroj Kaushik

Artificial intelligence is also difficult to


understand by its content.
Boundaries of AI are not well defined.
Often it means the advanced software
engineering,
sophisticated
software
techniques for hard problems that can't be
solved in any easy way.
AI programs - like people - are usually not
perfect, and even make mistakes.
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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It often means, nonnumeric ways of solving


problems, since people can't handle
numbers well.
Nonnumeric ways are generally "common
sense" ways, not necessarily the best ones.
Understanding of AI also requires an
understanding of related terms such as
intelligence, knowledge, reasoning, thought,
cognition, learning, and a number of other
computer related terms.
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Categories of AI System

Systems that think like humans


Systems that act like humans
Systems that think rationally
Systems that act rationally

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Systems that think like


humans

Most of the time it is a black box where we are


not clear about our thought process.
One has to know functioning of brain and its
mechanism for possessing information.
It is an area of cognitive science.

The stimuli are converted into mental representation.


Cognitive processes manipulate representation to build
new representations that are used to generate actions.

Neural network is a computing model for


processing information similar to brain.
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Systems that act like humans

The overall behaviour of the system


should be human like.

It could be achieved by observation.

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Systems that think rationally

Such systems rely on logic rather than human to


measure correctness.
For thinking rationally or logically, logic formulas
and theories are used for synthesizing outcomes.
For example,

given John is a human and all humans are mortal then


one can conclude logically that John is mortal

Not all intelligent behavior are mediated by logical


deliberation.

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Systems that act rationally

Rational behavior means doing right thing.

Even if method is illogical, the observed


behavior must be rational.

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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The Turing Test


Turing proposed operational test for intelligent
behavior in 1950.
Human
Human
Interrogator

?
AI system

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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ELIZA

Eliza was first program developed by Joseph


Wiezbaum to converse in English in mid 1960's

It passed turing test.

The following passage shows Elizas talking to


a teenage girl. Blue text Elizas response

Men are all alike.


IN WHAT WAY
They're always bugging us about something or other.
CAN YOU THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Well, my boyfriend made me come here.


YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME HERE
He says that I am depressed all the time.
I AM SORRY TO HEAR THAT YOU ARE DEPRESSED
It's true that I am unhappy
DO YOU THINK COMING HERE WILL HELP YOU NOT
TO BE UNHAPPY
I need help, that seems certain.
WHAT WOULD IT MEAN IF YOU GOT SOME HELP
Perhaps I could learn to get along with my mother.
TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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My mother takes care of me.


WHO ELSE IN YOUR FAMILY TAKES CARE OF YOU
My father.
YOUR FATHER
You are like my father in some ways.
WHAT RESEMBLANCE DO YOU SEE
You are not very aggressive but I think you don't want me to
notice that.
WHAT MAKES YOU THINK THAT I AM NOT VERY
AGGRESSIVE
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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You dont argue with me.


WHY DO YOU THINK I DONT ARGUE WITH YOU
You are afraid of me.
DOES IT PLEASE YOU TO BELIEVE, I AM AFRAID OF
YOU
My father is afraid of everybody.
WHAT ELSE COMES TO MIND WHEN YOU THINK OF
YOUR FATHER
Bullies.
DOES THAT HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE FACT
THAT YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME HERE
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Foundations of AI

Foundation of AI is based on
Mathematics
Neuroscience
Control Theory
Linguistics

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Foundations - Mathematics

More formal logical methods


Boolean logic
Fuzzy logic

Uncertainty

The basis for most modern approaches to


handle uncertainty in AI applications can
be handled by

Probability theory
Modal and Temporal logics
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Foundations - Neuroscience

How do the brain works?

Early studies (1824) relied on injured and abnormal


people to understand what parts of brain work
More recent studies use accurate sensors to
correlate brain activity to human thought

By monitoring individual neurons, monkeys can now


control a computer mouse using thought alone

Moores law states that computers will have as


many gates as humans have neurons in 2020
How close are we to have a mechanical brain?

Parallel computation, remapping, interconnections,.

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Foundations Control Theory

Machines can modify their behavior in response


to the environment (sense/action loop)

Water-flow
thermostat

regulator,

steam

engine

governor,

The theory of stable feedback systems (1894)

Build
systems
that
transition
from
initial
state to goal state with minimum energy
In 1950, control theory could only describe
linear systems and AI largely rose as a
response to this shortcoming

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Foundations - Linguistics

Speech demonstrates so much of human


intelligence

Analysis of human language reveals thought


taking place in ways not understood in other
settings

Children can create sentences they have never heard


before
Language and thought are believed to be tightly
intertwined

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Two Views of AI Goals

AI is about duplicating what the (human)


brain DOES

Cognitive Science

AI is about duplicating what the (human)


brain SHOULD do

Rationality (doing things logically)

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Cool Stuff in AI

Game playing agents


Machine learning
Speech
Language
Vision
Data Mining
Web agents .
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Useful Stuff

Medical Diagnosis
Fraud Detection
Object Identification
Space Shuttle Scheduling
Information Retrieval .

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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AI Techniques

Rule-based
Fuzzy Logic
Neural Networks
Genetic Algorithms

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Components of AI
Program
AI techniques must be independent of
the problem domain as far as possible.
AI program should have

knowledge base
navigational capability
inferencing

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Knowledge Base

AI programs should be learning in nature


and update its knowledge accordingly.
Knowledge base consists of facts and
rules.
Characteristics of Knowledge:
It is voluminous in nature and requires

proper structuring
It may be incomplete and imprecise
It may keep on changing (dynamic)
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Navigational Capability

Navigational capability contains


various control strategies
Control Strategy

determines the rule to be applied


some heuristics (thump rule) may be
applied

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Inferencing

Inferencing requires

search through knowledge base


and
derive new knowledge

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Sub-areas of AI

Sub areas of AI are:

Knowledge representation
Theorem proving
Game playing
Vommon sense reasoning dealing with
uncertainty and decision making
Learning models, inference techniques, pattern
recognition, search and matching etc.
Logic (fuzzy, temporal, modal) in AI
Planning and scheduling
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Sub-areas of AI Contd..

Natural language understanding


Computer vision
Understanding spoken utterances
Intelligent tutoring systems
Robotics
Machine translation systems
Expert problem solving
Neural Networks, AI tools etc
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Applications

Some of the applications are given below:

Business : Financial strategies, give advice


Engineering: check design, offer suggestions to
create new product
Manufacturing: Assembly, inspection & maintenance
Mining: used when conditions are dangerous
Hospital : monitoring, diagnosing & prescribing
Education : In teaching
household : Advice on cooking, shopping etc.
farming : prune trees & selectively harvest mixed
crops.
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Latest Perception of AI

Three typical components of AI Systems


THE WORLD
Perception

Action
Reasoning
Prof Saroj Kaushik

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Recent AI

Heavy use of

probability theory
decision theory
statistics
logic (fuzzy, modal, temporal)

Prof Saroj Kaushik

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