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Disk Reliability

The document discusses disk reliability techniques like RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks). It introduces RAID and explains that RAID schemes improve performance and reliability by storing redundant data across multiple disks. It then describes the basic RAID levels including RAID 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10; and how each level distributes and protects data differently for redundancy and performance.

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Deepika Bansal
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6K views13 pages

Disk Reliability

The document discusses disk reliability techniques like RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks). It introduces RAID and explains that RAID schemes improve performance and reliability by storing redundant data across multiple disks. It then describes the basic RAID levels including RAID 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10; and how each level distributes and protects data differently for redundancy and performance.

Uploaded by

Deepika Bansal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Disk reliability

Several improvements in disk-use techniques


involve the use of multiple disks working
cooperatively.
Disk striping uses a group of disks as one
storage unit.
RAID: Redundant Array of Independent Disks

RAID
Introduced by Patterson, Gibson and Katz at the University of
California In 1987.
RAID schemes improve performance and improve the reliability
of the storage system by storing redundant data.
Mirroring or shadowing keeps duplicate of each disk.
Block interleaved parity uses much less redundancy.
lost blocks can be recomputed from remaining blocks
plus parity block
The basic idea of RAID was to combine multiple, small
inexpensive disks drive into an array of disk drives which yields
performance exceeding that of a Single, Large Expensive
Drive(SLED).

ADVANTAGES
In event failure , if one of the drives fails then
either drive swapped out for a new drive
without turning the system off also known as
hot swappable.
Ensures data reliability , increase in input output
performance and mirroring at a lower cost.
Reading and Writing of data done
simultaneously.
High data transfer rate.
Increase system throughput.

DISADVANTAGES
RAID cannot protect the data completely.
Have to be maintained by highly paid
consultant.
Data Stripping : defined as a process of
splitting of data into equal size of parition.
They may slower the system performance
if not used properly.
Costly , must purchase and maintain RAID
the controllers and dedicated hard drives.

RAID LEVELS
Ways of data distributed across the drivers.
Each distinct RAID configuration is given a number,
called a RAID level.
Redundancy and Performance depends on what
RAID level it is.

RAID Level 0

It splits data among two or


more disks.
Provides good performance.
Lack of data redundancy
means there is no fail over
support with this
configuration.
The first byte of the file is sent
to the first drive, then the
second to second drive and so
on.
Requires a minimum of 2
drives to implement.

RAID Level 1
Mirroring means
duplication of data i.e Data
are stored twice .
Writing them to both the
data disk and a mirror disk .
The controller uses either
the data drive or the mirror
drive for data recovery.

RAID Level 2
Bit-level striping means
that the file is broken into
"bit-sized pieces.
It uses a Hamming code
for error correction.
Single bit errors can be

detected and corrected.


Multiple bit errors can be

detected but not corrected.

RAID Level 3
Byte-level striping means
that the file is broken into
"byte-sized pieces.
Written in parallel on two
or more drives.
An additional drive stores
parity information.
Disk failure do not
significantly slow down
the throughput.

RAID Level 4
Block-level striping means
that each file is split into
blocks of a certain size .
Allows each member to act
independently when only a
single block is requested.
Service multiple read
requests simultaneously.
Reading operation and fault
tolerance is very fast.

RAID Level 5

Most common secure RAID level.

Except that data are transferred to


disks by independent read and
write operations.

Instead of a dedicated parity disk,


parity information is spread
across all the drives.

Read data transaction are very


fast while write data are
somewhat slow.

RAID Level 10

Combines RAID 1 and


RAID 0.
Which means having
the pleasure of both good performance and
good failover handling.
Also called Nested
RAID.

THANK YOU!!!

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