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    Portal Frame Structure: Lect 8

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    jkaliwon
    Portal frames are single-story steel structures that use beams and columns to create large open floor plans without interior columns. They are commonly used for industrial and commercial buildings like factories, warehouses, and shopping centers. The document discusses the key components of a portal frame, including the beams, columns, connections, foundations, and various construction methods. It also notes advantages like flexibility in design, ability to span long distances, ease of erection, and providing unobstructed floor space.

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    Portal Frame Structure: Lect 8

    Uploaded by

    jkaliwon
    151 views35 pages
    Portal frames are single-story steel structures that use beams and columns to create large open floor plans without interior columns. They are commonly used for industrial and commercial buildings like factories, warehouses, and shopping centers. The document discusses the key components of a portal frame, including the beams, columns, connections, foundations, and various construction methods. It also notes advantages like flexibility in design, ability to span long distances, ease of erection, and providing unobstructed floor space.

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    Bss552 Lect 8

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    Portal frames are single-story steel structures that use beams and columns to create large open floor plans without interior columns. They are commonly used for industrial and commercial buildings like factories, warehouses, and shopping centers. The document discusses the key components of a portal frame, including the beams, columns, connections, foundations, and various construction methods. It also notes advantages like flexibility in design, ability to span long distances, ease of erection, and providing unobstructed floor space.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    151 views35 pages

    Portal Frame Structure: Lect 8

    Uploaded by

    jkaliwon
    Portal frames are single-story steel structures that use beams and columns to create large open floor plans without interior columns. They are commonly used for industrial and commercial buildings like factories, warehouses, and shopping centers. The document discusses the key components of a portal frame, including the beams, columns, connections, foundations, and various construction methods. It also notes advantages like flexibility in design, ability to span long distances, ease of erection, and providing unobstructed floor space.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    PORTAL FRAME

    STRUCTURE
    LECT 8

    INTRODUCTION
    Portal frames are made in a variety of shapes and sizes.
    They are usually made from steel, but can also be made
    from concrete or timber. The portal structure is designed in
    such a way that it has no intermediate columns, as a result
    large open areas can easily be created within the structure.
    Portal Frames are generally used for single storey
    construction which require a large unobstructed floor space
    ie
    Factories
    Shopping Centres
    Warehouses

    Portal Framed Construction

    Large unobstructed floor space

    PORTAL FRAME definition

    Portal frames are single storey, single( or multi-bay) frames with


    pitched or flat roof. Fabricated from universal beams, it is an ideal
    structural solution in many circumstances, regarding its economic
    and structural efficiency. The system is specially ideal for
    industrial buildings due to its ability to span large areas of
    unobstructed open space within its building envelope. This is
    made possible through the design and use of prefabricated steel
    sections. Technological advance in the footing system also
    cooperate for the large span achieved due to their ability to carry
    greater loads (or its efficiency to transfer and distribute the loads
    to the foundation).

    Three major elements are; cladding for both roof and walls;
    secondary steel to support the cladding and form framing for
    doors, windows and the like; and the main framework of the
    structure, including all necessary bracing. In addition, the building
    requires appropriate footings designed to transmit all the load to
    the foundations( supporting soil).

    The design is essentially to provide a


    structure which is without, or has a
    limited number of internal columns, in
    principle the requirement is for the
    construction of four walls and a roof for
    a single or multi-bay structure.
    Light latticed portal frame structure for
    the roof of an industrial buildings
    provide a neat efficient structure which
    is simple to design, economic to
    execute and frequently satisfies
    architectural requirements.
    Example of Portal frame structure in 26mspan.

    Internal view of a portal framed


    warehouse
    From this slide you can see the
    internal outline of the portal frame.
    At this stage the floor is not in place.
    Also note the clear unobstructed floor
    area available.
    With single storey buildings natural
    lighting is gained by placing clear
    sheets in roof layout.
    These sheets will run from eaves to
    ridge at suitable intervals.

    Portal Frame
    A high percentage of roofs are
    covered with composite profile metal
    sheets with a coloured external skin.
    These composite sheets have
    approximately 50mm of insulation
    sandwiched between two thin metal
    sheets or aluminium sheets. Coated
    steel is lowest in cost but limited in life
    due to the durability of the finish.
    Aluminium develops its own
    protective film. Profile sheets are
    quick to erect, dismantle and repair.
    Galvanised steel purlins span
    between the steel rafters.
    Wall panels

    FOOTING
    S
    Due to the point loads
    applied to the
    foundation, Pad footings
    are respectably the
    most suitable in longspan portal frame
    construction. Also in
    achieving a workable
    surface and the
    distribution of loads to
    the foundation,
    combined concrete slab
    would be used along
    with the Pad footing.
    The reinforcements and
    metal dowels also play
    a big part in the
    sufficient footings
    behaviour.

    Strip or combined column footing

    Concrete Pad Footing

    There are 3 types of connection systems for a Portal Frame structure.

    Rigid base

    2 pin

    3 pin
    The 3 types mentioned above are of purely how rigid or flexible the
    connections are at the apex, knee, and the base. This however relates greatly
    to the load transfer of the structure, as the bending moment becomes a big
    issue. Rigid bases are used much commonly in the current construction due to
    its ability to carry the bending moment and axial loads, thus giving the
    framework a much lighter finish. (Max bending moment at the knee, apex and
    base)
    Pinned bases however transmit the bending moment straight through to the
    foundation. (max bending moment at the apex and knees for the 2 pin, max
    bending moment at the knee for the 3 pin.)

    FIXED BASE CONNECTION

    PINNED BASE TO PORTAL

    The advantage of using steel as the material is due to the ability


    to design relatively light, long-span, durable, and is easy to erect
    safely and quickly.
    A primary requirement is flexibility of planning which results in a
    demand for as few columns as possible. The ability to provide
    spans up to 60m (most commonly around 30m), using steel has
    proved very popular for commercial and leisure buildings. The
    lightness and flexibility of this kind of steel structure reduces the
    sizes and the costs of foundations and make them less sensitive
    to the geotechnical characteristics of the soil.
    The structural envelope are simple, it is essential to ascertain
    correctly the load applied to the structure and to predict the load
    paths from the load applied through to the foundations.
    (e.g. Sheeting to the purlins and side rails, through the roof
    girder to the column and finally to the foundation and supporting
    soil.

    Diagram- shows the difference in the base,


    rigid and pin.

    Base joint for Portal Frame


    The legs or stanchions of the portal frame
    need connecting at the bottom to a
    foundation.
    Here we can see the base joint connection
    in place.

    THE BENDING MOMENTSPURLINS and RAFTERS; Purlins and Rafters are the essential beams that make up
    the portal frame structure. Purlins are the beams that run the length of the frame
    connected to the rafters, the purlins are bolt connected by the cleat that is welded
    to the rafter. The purlins are directed towards the apex with a pitch to achieve the
    best possible performance. The size of the sections of these beams is specified by
    the engineer, along with the size of the web and flange, depending on the spans
    and load derived from the design.
    EAVES connection;
    The eaves connections are in many different forms and changed forms
    through history of construction. Originally the diagonal connection plane
    was considered, however there was a major stability problem at the
    inside corner.
    Tapered portal frames fabricated by automatic welding can be
    utilised to create aesthetic and economical industrial buildings.
    The behaviour of fabricated sections with slender webs is more
    complex than that of rolled sections; the resistance checks must take
    account of local buckling, cross-section distortion and the interaction
    between the primary and secondary structure through the stays.

    LONG SPAN TIMBER


    STRUCTURES:
    Long-span structures( span 30m or
    greater) can also be constructed
    using timber (mainly plywood) as the
    material. Long-span structures
    require a level of technical
    sophistication that indicates a
    confidence in timber as a structural
    and aesthetic medium on the part of
    the designers.
    The spanning potential of timber
    portal frame structure can reach
    around 50 metres, and provides an
    extremely economic solution.

    The Plywood Gusset


    The Steel Plate and Dowel Knee Joint Bracket; although this is not
    a timber product, it is used in conjunction with timber columns and
    rafters to provide a steady connection system.
    The various timber products used in those of Timber Portal Frame
    structures are;

    diagram- a typical plywood gusset (solid


    section)..

    diagram Timber portal frame structure

    By collaborating steel knee joints with glue-laminated Timber products,


    Timber portal frame structures to form large-span structure can be produced.
    The economical aspect of this material can not be surpassed.

    TIMBER
    PORTAL
    FRAME
    DURING
    CRANE LIFTING
    THE STRUCTURE;
    the rafters,
    purlins and roof process
    bracing are :
    construction
    fabricated on the site, the roof is then
    lifted on and joined to the columns (this
    process can be done as a whole, or by
    sections). Elements such as the gussets
    and purlins are then installed. All purlins
    should have all connections installed,
    including joist brackets, tension straps
    and fly braces. The rest of the major
    connection joints such as the knee
    gussets must also be fixed along with
    required bracings. Temporary bracing is
    also fitted, due to the support the
    structure needs when the support from
    the crane is released.
    AFTER CRANE DETACHED;
    After the cranes are detached, the
    remainder of the fixing/nailing takes
    place, this is when the detailed
    installations are carried out, such as;
    girts, eaves, mullions, remaining purlins
    and additional roof wind bracings.
    Though Timber being a highly economic
    solution in structural frames, it is also
    highly flammable and prone to elemental
    attacks, and due to the natural property
    of the material, it needs to be tested
    before any type of work is done to check
    the performance of the timber. The tests
    include trial fabrication and treatments
    (paints and chemical protection coating

    Spatial requirements of the client:


    The selected system provide the client with adequate space to utilise the floor
    space according to their business needs. As buildings will often change hands
    throughout their working life, a re-fit of the warehouse and/or office space may
    be necessary. Structural members with significant spanning capacity allow the
    occupant to carry-out such activities without the expense of making structural
    alterations.
    Appropriateness of steel portals in this issue.
    Steel has extremely high material strength in both compression and tension.
    With a Youngs Modulus of 200,000Mpa, it is by far the stiffest of all conventional
    building materials. These two characteristics of steel are most exemplified in the
    design of universal beams and columns. Universal beams have excellent
    spanning capacity, making their application in portal frame construction the
    most desired framing option for medium-sized industrial construction.
    Appropriateness of saw-tooth construction in addressing issue.
    Saw-tooth trusses were used in close span construction, which was prevalent
    prior to the mid 1970s. Unlike portal frames, buildings with saw-tooth trusses
    had to be designed in a series of bays, supported by load-bearing columns. Such
    design is far more restrictive than portal framing in allowing spatial freedom to
    the end user.
    Adaptability of the structural system to a variety of site conditions.
    Structural systems that can be constructed in extreme conditions are likely to be
    popular with building designers. On sites with high, extreme or abnormal
    moisture conditions, differential movement may cause excess structural
    deflection. This can adversely affect the aesthetic quality of the building, leading

    Ridge joint for Portal Frame


    Shown here is a ridge joint or apex
    joint.
    It is Important that this joint is
    strong hence the use of wedge
    shaped pieces called gusset pieces
    to strengthen and increase the bolt
    area.

    Knee joint for Portal Frame

    Again the knee joint must be


    strong to support the roof loads
    and prevent bending.
    Gusset pieces will be used to
    increase strength, give greater
    bolt area and prevent deflection
    under load.

    Diagonal bracing for Portal Frame

    With all types of frameworks we must think on stability ie


    movement. To help strengthen the framework and prevent
    movement diagonal bracing will be used.

    Cladding rails for Portal Frame


    This slide shows the
    cladding rails for
    attaching the external
    metal cladding panels
    to.
    These rails can be
    fixed horizontal or
    vertical depending on
    the way the cladding
    panels are fixed.

    Tie cables for Portal Frame


    These wire and tubular
    ties are used to
    prevent sagging of the
    cladding rails which
    can add considerable
    force unto the joints of
    the external cladding.

    External wall detail


    Here we see the finish
    of the external
    cladding panels with
    the lower level facing
    brickwork.
    The blockwork behind
    creates a protective
    wall or firewall.

    Advantages and disadvantages


    of steel Portal Frames
    Advantages
    Speed and ease of erection
    Building can be quickly closed in and made water tight.
    Framework prefabricated in a workshop and not affected by weather.
    Site works such as drainage, roads etc can be carried out until
    framework is ready for erection.
    No weather hold up during erecting the framework.
    Connected together in factories by welding and site connections should
    be bolted.
    Disadvantages
    Although steel is incombustible it has a poor resistance to fire as it
    bends easily when hot.
    Subject to corrosion

    HOMEWORK
    Sketch in detail a sample of the non-rigid
    connection
    the maintenance procedure to maintain
    the steel structure performance.
    Find out the method to prevent the steel
    from corrosion problems

    THANK YOU

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