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    Microprocessor-Based Systems: Prof. Dr. Eng. Sebestyen Gheorghe Computers Department

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    This document provides an overview of microprocessor-based computer systems and their evolution. It discusses the main components of computers and how they have changed over time. The document is divided into sections on computer generations from the 1940s-present, the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 to modern multi-core CPUs, trends in computer architecture like parallel processing and network-on-chip, and parameters used to measure computer performance.

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    Microprocessor-Based Systems: Prof. Dr. Eng. Sebestyen Gheorghe Computers Department

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    Alina MV
    62 views26 pages
    This document provides an overview of microprocessor-based computer systems and their evolution. It discusses the main components of computers and how they have changed over time. The document is divided into sections on computer generations from the 1940s-present, the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 to modern multi-core CPUs, trends in computer architecture like parallel processing and network-on-chip, and parameters used to measure computer performance.

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    This document provides an overview of microprocessor-based computer systems and their evolution. It discusses the main components of computers and how they have changed over time. The document is divided into sections on computer generations from the 1940s-present, the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 to modern multi-core CPUs, trends in computer architecture like parallel processing and network-on-chip, and parameters used to measure computer performance.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    62 views26 pages

    Microprocessor-Based Systems: Prof. Dr. Eng. Sebestyen Gheorghe Computers Department

    Uploaded by

    Alina MV
    This document provides an overview of microprocessor-based computer systems and their evolution. It discusses the main components of computers and how they have changed over time. The document is divided into sections on computer generations from the 1940s-present, the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 to modern multi-core CPUs, trends in computer architecture like parallel processing and network-on-chip, and parameters used to measure computer performance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 26

    Microprocessor-based Systems

    Prof. Dr. eng. Sebestyen Gheorghe


    Computers Department
    [email protected]

    Content

    Introduction: short history &some concepts


    The main structure of a computer: CPU, ALU, instruction
    execution strategies
    Microprocessors
    Specialized microprocessors (microcontrollers and
    DSPs)
    Communication Buses
    Memory design
    Memory hierarchies (cache, virtual memory)
    Input/Output interfaces
    Interrupt system
    Direct memory access
    Advanced computer architectures:
    RISC
    parallel and distributed systems

    References

    Dancea I, - Calculatoare electronice 1975


    Nedevschi S. - Microprocesoare 1994
    Pusztai s.a, - Calculatoare numerice Indrumator de lucrari de
    laborator
    Sztoianov E.s.a. - De la poarta TTL la microprocesor - 1987
    Tanenbaum A.S. - Structured Computer Architecture 1990
    Gorgan D, Sebestyen G.- Arhitectura calculatoarelor 1997
    Gorgan D. Sebestyen G. - Structura calculatoarelor 2000
    Gorgan D. Sebestyen G. Proiectarea calculatoarelor - 2005
    www.intel.com
    www.ti.com
    www.microchip.com
    www. ??? AOA - The Art of Assembly Programming

    Course and Labs on-line:

    http://users.utcluj.ro/~sebestyen/cursuri_lab.htm

    Short history

    Generations 0 mechanical computers (??-1940)


    ?? - abacus
    17th 18 century arithmetical computing devices
    Pascal device for adding and subtraction
    Leibnitz device for basic arithmetical operations (+,-,*,/)

    19th century - Ch. Babbage (Cambridge) differential and than


    analytical machine (Ada Byron-prima programmer)
    main parts: memory, computing unit, card reader and puncher
    a computer like a mill processing data is like processing
    materials

    beginning of the 20th century


    Konrad Zuse electro-mechanical computers
    basic elements: relays

    John Athanasoff
    proposed the binary counting system for computers

    H. Aiken Mark I, II
    computers made of relays

    Ada Byron

    First generation 1945-55


    technology: electronic tubes
    1943-46 P. Eckert & J. Mauchley ENIAC
    the first functional computer !!!!
    18000 tubs, 1500 relays, 30 tones

    J. von Neumann IAS


    the first scientist who wrote a book on computers
    defined the classical computer model with 5 components:
    memory, control unit, arithmetical and logical unit, input device(s),
    output device(s)
    the idea of memorized program

    Shanonn information theory


    defined the metrics for information: the bit
    information = the opposite of entropy

    Alan Turring coding and decoding systems


    Colossus the Turring machine
    other versions: EDVAC, ILLIAC, MANIAC, Wirlwind, UNIVAC
    IBM 701,704,709 first commercial computers
    CIFA, MECIPT Romanian versions

    First computer generation

    Eckart&Mauchley
    John von Neumann

    Shanonn

    UNIVAC

    First computer generation

    ENIAC
    ADVAC
    IBM 701
    7

    Second generation 1955-65

    technology: transistor
    Shockley&Brattain first transistor (Bell labs)
    first computer with transistors: TX-0
    IBM 7090 transistorized version, IBM 1401
    Wirlwind MIT
    PDP-1, PDP-8, made by DEC company
    CDC 6600 first parallel computer
    CETA, DACICC (Ghe. Farkas, L. Negrescu)
    Romanian computers

    First transistor

    TX-0

    PDP-1

    3rd generation 1965-75


    technology: integrated circuits
    computer families:
    mainframes: IBM 360, IBM 370
    mini-computers: PDP 11

    Romanian computers:
    Felix c-256, c-512, c-32
    Independent, Coral clones of PDP-11

    improvements:

    speed
    reliability
    small dimensions
    high capacity memories (16k-512k)
    new peripheral devices (floppy disk, hard disk)
    display as operating consol (PDP11)

    3rd generation

    First integrated circuit

    Apollo

    Seymour LOGO
    HP Computer

    1967

    HP (1972) 10

    4th generation 1975-90??


    technology: VLSI
    advantages: speed, high integration ratio, high reliability,
    small costs and dimensions

    first microprocessor - Intel 4004 !!!!


    high capacity memory circuits: ROM, RAM, DRAM
    (1-16ko)
    first microprocessor-based microcomputers
    first computers for personal use:
    home-computers: ZX81, Spectrum
    PCs: IBM-PC, XT, AT, Apple, Machintosh

    Romanian computers:
    M18 series, PRAE, aMIC, Felix PC, Telerom-PC
    (Sebestyen, Electrosigma)

    11

    4th generation

    Intel 4004

    Apple

    IBM-PC

    12

    4th generation

    Computer with TV set as display

    IBM PS2

    Portable computer (Osborn)

    Motorola 68040

    13

    4th generation

    Bill Gates

    Steve Jobs si Steve Wozniak

    14

    Microprocessors evolution

    1971

    I4004

    4 biti

    first P

    1972

    I8008

    8 biti

    16ko

    First P on 8 bits

    1974

    8080

    8 biti

    64ko

    First successful P

    1978

    8086, 8088

    16 biti

    1Mo

    First P on 16 bits, bases for the first PC

    1982

    80286

    16 biti

    16Mo

    PC-AT

    1985

    80386

    32 biti

    4Go

    First P on 32 bits

    1989

    80486

    32 biti

    4 Go

    Incorporated FPU

    1993

    Pentium

    32 biti

    4Go

    pipeline

    1995

    P. Pro

    32 biti

    64 Go

    P6 super-pipeline architecture

    1997

    P. II

    32 biti

    64 Go

    MMX technology

    1999

    P. III

    32 biti

    70 To

    SSE2 technology

    2002

    P. IV

    32 biti

    70 To

    NetBurst architecture

    2004

    P. IV

    64 biti

    70 To

    Hyper-threading technology

    2006

    Core 2

    64 biti

    70 To

    Multicore architecture (2 cores/chip)

    2007

    Dual Core

    64 biti

    70 To

    2 processors/chip

    2008-9

    I5, I7

    64 biti

    70 To,
    8Mo L3
    cache

    Nehalem architecture, multicore and


    hyper-threading 4cores/8 multithread
    cache 8Mo (L3)

    2011

    Sandy Bridge

    15

    Microprocessors evolution
    Other

    microprocessor families:

    Motorola: 6800 (8 biti), 68000 (16 biti),


    68020, 68030 (32 biti), 68040
    Zilog: Z80, Z8000
    Texas Instruments: - digital signal
    processors: TMS320c10/20/30/50/80
    Microchip: microcontrollers: PIC12/16/18
    MIPS, ARM, etc.

    16

    Moors law

    Pentium 4

    486
    286
    8086
    4004

    Pentium

    386

    8080
    17

    Tendencies and perspectives

    increase of integration ration


    smaller switching elements (transistors): 45->35nm
    increase of switching elements number
    processors - over 1 billion de transistors
    memory over 64-512 billion

    power reduction
    intelligent power distribution
    dynamic power control: energy where and when it is needed
    frequency limitation

    multi-core and multi-thread architectures


    from 2 cores/chip to 128 cores and more
    symmetric and asymmetric architectures (see Intel and Power PC)

    network-on-chip
    network communication inside the chip instead of parallel buses

    18

    Tendencies and perspectives

    memory hierarchies
    more cache memory levels (inside the processor)
    virtual memory
    access request anticipation

    external memories of silicon


    no more hard and floppy disks of DVDs, flash instead

    multi-processor architectures
    parallel architectures
    distributed architectures

    computer networks
    Interne an indispensable computer resource
    wireless networks

    mobile and portable computers:


    laptops, graphic tablets
    PDA, GPS
    intelligent phones

    19

    Computer's performance parameters

    Clock frequency,

    Higher clock frequency = higher performance


    Doubled every 24 month, until 2005
    Limited by the power consumption and disipation
    Today 2-3GHz

    Number of Cycles Per Second CPI


    Number if clock cycles for executing an instruction
    Older computers: 5-120 cycles
    New processors: 1, 0.5, 0.25 CPI

    Number of instructions per second


    MIPS, FLOPS million of instructions per second
    20

    Computer's performance parameters

    Execution time of a program,


    See Benchmarks

    execution time of a transaction set


    Read-modify-save operations executed on databases in a
    concurrent way

    Memory capacity and speed


    Gbytes, Tbytes
    Access time: 70ns, 15ns, 0.1ns

    I/O capabilities
    HDD throughput

    Communication performances
    bandwidth and speed

    21

    A microprocessor-based computer system


    Simplified

    scheme:

    Memory

    Memory

    Address
    Data
    Commands

    I/O interface

    I/O interface

    I/O dev.

    I/O dev.

    22

    Structure of a Personal Computer (PC)


    P
    SVGA

    Mem

    Mem

    AGP
    Chipset
    N
    Net

    PCI

    Chipset
    S
    Keyboard

    Mouse

    23

    The multi-layer structure of a computer

    more abstraction levels/layers


    more access layers to the computers
    resources
    virtual machines:
    a programming language
    a set of functionalities
    ex: Java Virtual Machine, BASIC machine, etc.

    why multi-layer:
    easier and more efficient programming
    different kind of users
    complexity reduction through abstraction and
    functional decomposition

    24

    Multi-layered computer structure


    Application
    High level language
    Assembly language
    Operating system
    ISA

    Conventional machine
    Microprogramming
    Digital circuites/hardware

    Translation and interpretation


    (aggregate, compile)

    Translation (compile)
    Translation (compile)
    Interpretation (System
    calls)
    Interpretation (micro-program
    sequences)
    Decoding
    Translation
    Interpretation 25

    26

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