Scribd
Upload
37 views

SQL 1

The document introduces SQL and its basic functions. SQL is used to retrieve, modify and manage data within a database. It includes statements to select data from tables, insert, update and delete records, as well as create or modify database objects. Select statements retrieve data and can filter results using a WHERE clause to specify conditions. Fields can be selected individually or all fields can be retrieved using an asterisk.

Uploaded by

subirmy
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
37 views

SQL 1

The document introduces SQL and its basic functions. SQL is used to retrieve, modify and manage data within a database. It includes statements to select data from tables, insert, update and delete records, as well as create or modify database objects. Select statements retrieve data and can filter results using a WHERE clause to specify conditions. Fields can be selected individually or all fields can be retrieved using an asterisk.

Uploaded by

subirmy
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Introduction to

Programming
Structured Query Language

1
Primary Key of a Table

If a table contains one or more columns that


uniquely identify each row in the table, you can
define these columns as the primary key of the
table.

For instance, the primary key of the Student


table is the StudentID column.

2
Introducing the Structured Query
Language
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a
specialized set of database programming
commands that enables the developer or other
database users to perform tasks in a database
management system. Some examples of the
types of tasks you can perform with SQL are:

Retrieve data from one or more tables in one or


more databases.

3
Introducing the Structured Query
Language
Change data in tables by inserting, deleting, and
updating records.

Obtain summary information about the data in


tables such as total and average values.

Create, modify, or delete database objects such


as tables, indexes, and queries.

4
Introducing the Structured Query
Language
A SQL statement contains one or more lines of
text, much like a code statement in Visual Basic.

SQL statements fall into two basic categories:


The first three items in the list are examples of
how SQL is used to manipulate data in the
database, the last item demonstrates how SQL
can be used to define the database itself.

5
Introducing the Structured Query
Language

6
Introducing the Structured Query
Language
Note

Data-manipulation language (DML), and data-


definition language (DDL) are terms used to
categorize SQL statements.

7
Using the SELECT Statement
The SELECT statement is the most frequently
used SQL command. It retrieves records (or
specified fields from records) from one or more
tables in the database. The SELECT statement,
take the following general form:

SELECT fieldlist FROM tablename


[WHERE where clause]

8
Using the SELECT Statement
The simplest, most common example of a
SELECT statement is selecting all fields from a
single table. To display all of the data in the
person table, execute the following SELECT
statement:

SELECT * FROM Person

The statement would list every field of every


record in the Person table.

9
Using the SELECT Statement
Person Table

10
Using the SELECT Statement
Note

SQL keywords such as SELECT are not case


sensitive. However, table and field names may
be case sensitive depending on the configuration
of your database management system.

11
Choosing the Field List
In the field list portion of a SELECT statement,
you can specify the asterisk (*) or a list of specific
field names. The asterisk indicates that you want
to display all fields in the table. If you want to
display only certain fields, you need to include a
comma-separated list of fields, as in the
following example:

SELECT SSN, LastName, FirstName FROM Person

12
Choosing the Field List

13
Choosing the Field List
In general, it is a good programming practice to
specify a field list whenever possible, rather than
just using asterisk, for the following reasons:

Field lists return only the desired fields,


minimizing network traffic.
Field lists control the order in which fields are
returned to the calling program. For example,
you might decide to change the field order of the
Person by adding a new field before the
FirstName field, such as MiddleInitial. However,
the order of fields returned by the SELECT
statement would be unaffected by these changes.
14
Filtering the Records

One of the most powerful features of SELECT


(and other SQL commands) is the ability to
control the records affected using a WHERE
clause.

A WHERE clause includes the keyword WHERE


followed by a logical expression used to identify
the desired records.

15
Filtering the Records

For example, to return only the names of the


Silers in the Person table, you could execute the
following SELECT statement:

SELECT LastName, FirstName FROM Person


WHERE LastName = ‘Siler'

16
Filtering the Records
To return only the names of the Smiths in the
Person table, you could execute the following
SELECT statement:

SELECT LastName, FirstName FROM Person


WHERE LastName = 'Smith'

This statement would return the LastName and


FirstName fields only for those records that
matched the WHERE expression; in this case,
only records where the LastName field value is
Smith.
17
Filtering the Records
Also note that the fields in the field list are
independent from those in the WHERE clause. A
WHERE clause can use any field from the tables
specified in the FROM clause:

SELECT LastName, FirstName FROM Person


WHERE ZipCode='38117'

18
Filtering the Records

In this example, we are using the ZipCode field


to filter records, but only displaying the name
fields with ZipCode field.

19
Filtering the Records
To return the names, ages and addresses
of the persons in the Person table who live
in city Dallas, you could execute the
following SELECT statement:

SELECT LastName, FirstName, Age, Address


FROM Person WHERE City = ‘Dallas’

20
Filtering the Records

21

You might also like