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Sci 105 Biology Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life

This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of a biology textbook on the chemistry of life. It discusses the basic units that make up all matter - elements and compounds. It explains how elements can bond through ionic and covalent bonds to form compounds. It also describes the unique properties of water that allow it to act as the universal solvent for living things, making up 70-90% of living tissue. Key topics covered include solutions, acids/bases, and the importance of water's cohesive and solvent properties for living systems.

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KassyKas
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
56 views

Sci 105 Biology Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life

This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of a biology textbook on the chemistry of life. It discusses the basic units that make up all matter - elements and compounds. It explains how elements can bond through ionic and covalent bonds to form compounds. It also describes the unique properties of water that allow it to act as the universal solvent for living things, making up 70-90% of living tissue. Key topics covered include solutions, acids/bases, and the importance of water's cohesive and solvent properties for living systems.

Uploaded by

KassyKas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCI 105 BIOLOGY

Chapter 2: The Chemistry


of Life

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry


elements - make up earth &

organisms (O, C, H, N,
S, P, K, Si, Al, Fe, Ca)
cannot be broken down by
a chemical process into a
simpler substance

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry


Compounds - combinations of
elements (ex. Hemoglobin
(compound) contains Fe (element)
Organic compounds - all contain
carbon -ex. Carbohydrates,

lipids, proteins, nucleic


acids

Elements vs Compounds
Elements composed of the same types of atoms

Compounds composed of two or more types of atoms

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry


inorganic compounds - do not
contain carbon
(ex. Table salt = NaCl)
C6H12O6 24 total atoms

6 carbon atoms
12 hydrogen atoms
6 oxygen atoms

How many atoms are in this molecule?


C55H72MgN4O5

137

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry


Atoms - smallest particle of an

element that has the elements


properties
protons (+) = Atomic number
neutrons (no charge)
Protons and neutrons together make
up the nucleus
electrons (-) used to form bonds
with other elements

Learning Check 1
State the number of protons for atoms of each
of the following:
A. Nitrogen
1) 5 protons
2) 7 protons 3) 14 protons
B. Sulfur
1) 32 protons

2) 16 protons

C. Barium
1) 137 protons 2) 81 protons

3) 6 protons
3) 56 protons

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry


Changes in the number of electrons causes

atoms to become + or
Outer most energy level (orbit) likes to be full
more stable that way
Atoms will give up, gain, or share electrons to
fill the outer orbit
1st level 2 electrons
2nd level 8 electrons
3rd level 8 or 18 electrons

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry


Sodium 11 protons and 11 electrons

2 electrons in the 1st level


8 electrons in the 2nd
1 electron in the 3rd

Review:

How many protons, neutrons and


electrons does the above element
contain?

Valence shell

When are
most happy
atoms

When their valence shell is full

To be happy
(stable) the sodium
atom will need to
either get 7
electrons or lose 1.
The
sodium
will
give
Which is easier?
away its outer shell
electron.

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry

Chlorine 17 protons, 17 electrons


2 electrons in the 1st level
8 electrons in the 2nd level
7 electrons in the 3rd level

Sodium wants to give up the last electron

whereas Chlorine wants to gain an electron to


fill the 3rd level with 8 electrons
Atoms bond with other atoms to become
more stable

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry

21. Introduction to Chemistry

Ionic
bond

When sodium loses an electron


it becomes positively charged
(a cation). When chlorine picks
it up it becomes negatively
charged (a anion). Cations and

ion

Cation vs Ani

IONIC BOND

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry


Chemical Bond -The force that

holds atoms together


When a chemical bond is
broken, energy is absorbed
or released

IONIC BONDING
Electrons are lost by one
element and gained by
another
Outer energy level in both
elements is full (stable)

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry


Ionic bond- a bond b/w oppositely

charged molecules

One element loses e- &


the other element gains e Covalent bond a bond where electrons are

shared (carbs, lipids, proteins


& nuc. Acids); three types:
single, double, triple

COVALENT BONDING
Electrons shared in a chemical
bond (each atom donates one
electron)
Outer energy level in both elements
is full (stable)

Double covalent bonds have four


electrons
Triple covalent bonds have six
electrons

F-F or F2

COVALENT BOND

Learning Check 2:
Indicate whether a bond between the following
would be 1) Ionic
2) covalent
___

A.

sodium and oxygen

___

B.

nitrogen and oxygen

___

C.

phosphorus and chlorine

___

D.

calcium and sulfur

___

E.

chlorine and bromine

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry


Polar Covalent bond with unequal

sharing of electrons that


results in slightly positive
& slightly negative ends

Water example of covalent

POLAR COVALENT

NONPOLAR COVALENT

COVALENT VS. IONIC

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry


Hydrogen Bonds bonds that hold

molecules together rather


than atoms
These bonds are weaker
than ionic or covalent
bonds
* like in water hydrogen bonds are the
force that holds water molecules
together

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry


Isotopes - atoms of the same

element that have a


different number of neutrons

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry


Isotopes - have an unstable

nucleus that breaks apart


giving off energy in
the form
of radiation
used to tell age of fossils
preserve food
treat cancer

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Basis of Life


AIM: Whats the matter?

Isotopes are atoms that


have the same
elemental identity
(same number of
protons/same

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry

2.2 Introduction to Chemistry


Water is found in all living organisms
Water is a polar molecule
Being polar allows water to dissolve ionically

bonded compounds easily


When compounds dissolve in water they form
a solution
Living things are composed of 70-90% water

2.2 Introduction to Chemistry

2.2 Introduction to Chemistry


Solutions --Water is known as

the universal solvent

Chemical properties of water are


important b/c they allow it to form
solutions (aka. Uniform mixtures)

2.2 Introduction to Chemistry


Solute --That which is being

dissolved (sugar)

Solvent --That which does the

dissolving (water)

2.2 Introduction to Chemistry


Ionic Compounds --dissolve
readily in water b/c
water is polar
Polar covalent compounds -dissolve in water

2.2 Introduction to Chemistry

Cohesion sticking together b/c of


hydrogen bonding

surface tension Like a water strider


walking on water
Plants --have a xylem (straw-like
tubes that carry water) where the
water is pulled
up!

2.2 Introduction to Chemistry


Expansion water expands when it

freezes, which is opposite to


most substances
results in ice having a lower density
than liquid water so the ice floats

2.2 Introduction to Chemistry


Acids & Bases --Formed by ionic

compounds in solution
Acids release Hydrogen ions (H+)
in water

(ex. HCl in stomach acid)

2.2 Introduction to Chemistry


Bases Produce hydroxide (OH-)
ions in solution
(ex. NaOH in soap & egg whites)
Salts yield other ions
(ex. NaCl and KCl)
When salt is dissolved in water;
sodium & chlorine disassociate
or temporarily separate

2.2 Introduction to Chemistry


pH --power of H+

-pH scale measures the


concentration of Hydrogen
ions
Scale 0-14
acid: 0 to < 7
bases: > 7 to 14

2.2 Introduction to Chemistry


Blood - 7.4 (lethal if more acidic
than 7 and more basic than 7.8)
Stomach acid - 2
A change in pH --in your body
results in halting some enzyme
functions

2.2 Introduction to Chemistry


Acid rain --contains sulfuric acid and nitric
acid
Acid rain pH < 5.6
Acid rain washes away vital
minerals from soil, kills aquatic
organisms & strip nutrients from
plants

THE END!

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