Fields and Waves I

Lecture 26
Intro to Antennas & Propagation

K. A. Connor
Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering Department
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY

These Slides Were Prepared by Prof. Kenneth A. Connor Using

Original Materials Written Mostly by the Following:

Kenneth A. Connor ECSE Department, Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY

J. Darryl Michael GE Global Research Center,
Niskayuna, NY
Thomas P. Crowley National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Boulder, CO
Sheppard J. Salon ECSE Department, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
Lale Ergene ITU Informatics Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
Jeffrey Braunstein Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea

Materials from other sources are referenced where they are

used. Those listed as Ulaby are figures from Ulabys
textbook.

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Examples of Antennas

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Antennas

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moteiv Tmote Sky

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Inverted F
Antenna

moteiv Tmote Sky

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moteiv Tmote Sky

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moteiv Tmote Sky

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moteiv Tmote Sky

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Transmission Lines &

Antennas

Review Transmission Lines

Review Boundary Conditions
Review Voltage, Current, Electric and
Magnetic Fields
Etc.

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TEM Waves on Transmission

Lines
Connecting Uniform Plane Waves with Voltages and
Currents on Transmission Lines:

E x (z) E e

j z

E e

j z

H y(z)

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E e
E e

j z

j z

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TEM Waves

These fields can exist in the region between the conducting

plates if the boundary conditions on the plates are
reasonably satisfied. Since the electric field has only an x
component, it is totally normal to the conducting
boundaries. This can occur if there is a surface charge on
j z
j z
the boundary,
s
x

E ( z ) E e

E e

The magnetic field is totally tangent to the conducting

boundary, which can occur if there is a surface current
density given by

J s H y(z)
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E e

j z

E e

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j z

13

TEM Waves

Then, assuming that the lower plate is grounded, the voltage

on the upper plate will be

v z

s
0

E x ( z )d x s E e

j z

sE e

j z

V e

j z

V e

j z

where we have integrated the electric field along the

w
vertical (red) path shown.
s

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TEM Waves
To connect the magnetic field with the current, we must
integrate along a closed path that encloses one of the two
conductors. The bottom path shown includes the horizontal
(green) path inside the field region and the blue path outside
of the field region. (We assume no fringing in this ideal case.)
The magnetic field only contributes along the green path.
j z
j z
Thus
w

iz

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H
0

w sE e

j z

( z )d y

w E e

w E e

w sE e
s

j z

Fields and Waves I

V e

j z

V e
s
w
15

j z

TEM Waves

For a parallel plate waveguide (stripline), the inductance and

capacitance per unit length and intrinsic impedance are

s
l
w

w
c
s
Z

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w
w
s

s
s

w
w

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TEM Waves
so the current expression is

i(z)

V e

j z

V e
Z

j z

We could have determined this current from the surface

current density so we should check to be sure that the two
results agree. The total current at any z should be given by

i(z) J sw

E e

j z

E e

j z

V e

j z

V e
Z

j z

as before.

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TEM Waves

Finally, we can check to see if the charge per unit length (as
determined from the boundary condition) gives us the usual
capacitance per unit length.

q s w w E e

j z

w E e

j z

V e
s

j z

V e

j z

c v z

as expected.
The same analysis can be done for coaxial cables and twowire lines. The general results are the same.

March 22, 20

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Standing Waves:
Voltage Standing Wave with Short Circuit Load

Constructive
Interference

Destructive
Interference

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Standing Waves:
Voltage Standing Wave with Open Circuit Load

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Java Applet of Waves

Standing Wave

http://www.bessernet.com/Ereflecto/tutorialFrameset.htm

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Simple Antennas

Currents on Wire Antennas

General Types of Antennas
The Hertzian Dipole as the Model Antenna
Other Simple Wire Configurations
Antenna Parameters & Analysis
Radiation Patterns
Yagi & Patch Antennas
Polarization

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Simple Wire Antenna

Currents

From CTA Johnk Engineering

Electromagnetic Fields & Waves

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Simple Wire Antenna

Currents

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Simple Wire Antenna

Currents

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Simple Wire Antenna

Currents

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Simple Wire Antenna

Currents

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Types of Antennas

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Hertzian Dipole

Constant Currents

Note the Coordinates

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Hertzian Dipole

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Note that the

waves
become
planar at
large
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distances

20

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Hertzian Dipole

Radiation is primarily
to the side
Radiation is isotropic
or uniform around the
axis of the antenna
Little or no radiation
up or down

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Short Dipole

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Aperture Antennas

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Antenna Parameters
Calculate the Electric and Magnetic Fields from
the Antenna Currents usually requires the
use of potentials
Far Fields are Products of terms like the
following (depends on current and inversely
F field
on position), spherical wave,
pattern
Determine the Poynting Vector Power Density
is product of E and H average goes inversely
F 2 with

with position squared and

Gain is the ratio of power density to isotropic
value
Radiation Resistance is twice the average total
power divided by the current squared
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Antenna Analysis
Hertzian Dipole

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Antenna Analysis

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Antenna Analysis

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Antenna Analysis

Keep Only The Largest Terms in the Far

Field

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Antenna Analysis

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Antenna Analysis

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Note that the

waves
become
planar at
large
March 22,
distances

20

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Hertzian Dipole

Radiation is primarily
to the side
Radiation is isotropic
or uniform around the
axis of the antenna
Little or no radiation
up or down

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Half Wave Dipole

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Radiation Patterns

http://www.hyperlinktech.com/web/hg914y.php

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Antenna
Patterns

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Yagi Antenna
5.8GHz

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10 Element Yagi

http://www.astronwireless.com/library.htm

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Patch Antenna

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Patch Antenna

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Patch Antenna

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Patch Antenna

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http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04102004-1436
56/unrestricted/Chapter4.pdf

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http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/elektrik/issues/elk-05-13-1/elk-13-1-7-0407-7

March 22, 20

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Antenna Polarization

A linear polarized antenna radiates wholly in one plane

containing the direction of propagation. In a circular
polarized antenna, the plane of polarization rotates in a
circle making one complete revolution during one period of
the wave. If the rotation is clockwise looking in the
direction of propagation, the sense is called right-handcircular (RHC). If the rotation is counterclockwise, the sense
is called left-hand-circular (LHC).
An antenna is said to be vertically polarized (linear) when its
electric field is perpendicular to the Earth's surface. An
example of a vertical antenna is a broadcast tower for AM
radio or the "whip" antenna on an automobile.

Antenna Polarization Application Note

http://www.astronwireless.com/polarization.htm
By Joseph H. Reisert

March 22, 20

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Antenna Polarization

Horizontally polarized (linear) antennas have their electric

field parallel to the Earth's surface. Television transmissions
in the USA use horizontal polarization.
A circular polarized wave radiates energy in both the
horizontal and vertical planes and all planes in between.
The difference, if any, between the maximum and the
minimum peaks as the antenna is rotated through all angles,
is called the axial ratio or ellipticity and is usually specified
in decibels (dB). If the axial ratio is near 0 dB, the antenna
is said to be circular polarized. If the axial ratio is greater
than 1-2 dB, the polarization is often referred to as elliptical.

Antenna Polarization Application Note

http://www.astronwireless.com/polarization.htm
By Joseph H. Reisert

March 22, 20

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Antenna Polarization

In the early days of FM radio in the 88-108 MHz spectrum,

the radio stations broadcasted horizontal polarization.
However, in the 1960's, FM radios became popular in
automobiles which used vertical polarized receiving whip
antennas. As a result, the FCC modified Part 73 of the rules
and regulations to allow FM stations to broadcast RHC or
elliptical polarization to improve reception to vertical
receiving antennas as long as the horizontal component
was dominant.

Antenna Polarization Application Note

http://www.astronwireless.com/polarization.htm
By Joseph H. Reisert

March 22, 20

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Antenna Polarization

Circular polarization is most often use on satellite

communications. This is particularly desired since the
polarization of a linear polarized radio wave may be rotated
as the signal passes through any anomalies (such as
Faraday rotation) in the ionosphere. Furthermore, due to the
position of the Earth with respect to the satellite, geometric
differences may vary especially if the satellite appears to
move with respect to the fixed Earth bound station. Circular
polarization will keep the signal constant regardless of these
anomalies.

Antenna Polarization Application Note

http://www.astronwireless.com/polarization.htm
By Joseph H. Reisert

March 22, 20

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Antenna Polarization
Why is a TV signal horizontally polarized?
Because man-made noise is predominantly vertically
polarized.
Do the transmitting and receiving antennas need to have
the same polarization?
Yes.

http://www.hp.com/rnd/pdf_html/antenna.htm

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Antennas

The simplest antenna is the Hertzian dipole, which looks like

the following figure with the antenna axis aligned with the z
direction in spherical coordinates.

Transmission Line

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Antennas

The electric field

around the
Hertzian dipole
note the
vertical
polarization

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Antennas

Power is radiated
horizontally, which is a
good thing since this
means that such antennas
can easily communicate
with one another on the
surface of the earth. The
range in angle is more
than sufficient to handle
the small elevation
changes that characterize
the earths surface.

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Antennas Half Wave Dipole vs Quarter Wave

Monopole

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Antennas Half Wave Dipole vs Quarter Wave

Monopole

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Antennas Half Wave Dipole vs Quarter Wave

Monopole

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Bertoni Slides

Extensive Slides on Propagation, Etc for

Wireless
http://eeweb1.poly.edu/faculty/bertoni/e
l675.html

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