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ME-102 Engineering Graphics

This document is a lecture on geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) symbols given by Muhammad Jawad Qarni at the Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology. It discusses various GD&T symbols including form, orientation, location, runout, datums, straightness, flatness, circularity, cylindricity, profile, parallelism, perpendicularity, angularity, position, concentricity, coaxiality, circular runout, total runout, maximum material condition, least material condition, and finishing symbols. Examples of how to specify geometric requirements using these symbols are provided.

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salmanshahidkhan
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141 views

ME-102 Engineering Graphics

This document is a lecture on geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) symbols given by Muhammad Jawad Qarni at the Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology. It discusses various GD&T symbols including form, orientation, location, runout, datums, straightness, flatness, circularity, cylindricity, profile, parallelism, perpendicularity, angularity, position, concentricity, coaxiality, circular runout, total runout, maximum material condition, least material condition, and finishing symbols. Examples of how to specify geometric requirements using these symbols are provided.

Uploaded by

salmanshahidkhan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME-102 Engineering Graphics

Lecture # 9 (Geometric Tolerance Symbols)


By: Muhammad Jawad Qarni
Research Associate

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering


Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 1


GD&T
 Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T).

 They are used to convey in a brief and precise manner complete


geometrical requirements on engg. drawings.

Types of geometrical tolerance


 Form
 Orientation
 Location
 Runout

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 2


GD&T Symbols

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 3


GD&T Symbols

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 4


GD&T Symbols

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 5


Datums
A datum surface on a component should be accurately finished, since other
locations or surfaces are established by measuring from the datum. Figure
shows a datum surface indicated by the letter A.

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 6


Datums

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 7


Straightness & Flatness
Product requirement Product requirement Product requirement
The axis of the whole The axis of the whole The surface must be
part must lie in a boxed feature must lie within contained between two
zone of 0.3 × 0.2 over the cylindrical tolerance parallel planes 0.07 apart.
its length. zone of 0.05.

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 8


Circularity & Cylindricity
Product requirement Product requirement Product requirement
The circumference of The circumference at The whole curved
the bar must lie any cross section must surface of the feature
between two co-planar lie between two must lie between an
concentric circles 0.5 coplanar concentric annular tolerance zone
apart. circles 0.02 apart. 0.04 wide formed by
two cylindrical surfaces
coaxial with each other.

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 9


Profile of a Line & Surface
Product requirement Product requirement
The profile is required The tolerance zone is to be contained by
to be contained within upper and lower surfaces which touch the
the unilateral tolerance circumference of spheres 0.3 diameter
zone. whose centers lie on the theoretical form of
the surface.

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 10


Parallelism & Perpendicularity
Product requirement Product requirement Product requirement Product requirement
The top surface of the The axis of the hole The left-hand end The left-hand surface
component must be must be contained face of the part must must be contained
contained between two between two planes be contained b/w two between two parallel
planes 0.7 apart and 0.06 apart parallel to parallel planes 0.8 planes 0.7 apart and
parallel to the datum the datum surface X. apart and perpendicular to the
surface X. perpendicular to the datum surface X.
datum axis X.

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 11


Angularity
Angularity defines a condition between two related planes,
surfaces, or lines which are not perpendicular or parallel to one
another. Angularity tolerances control this relationship
Product requirement Product requirements
The inclined surface must be The inclined surface must be
contained within two parallel contained within two parallel planes
planes 0.2 apart which are at an 0.5 apart which are inclined at 100°
angle of 42° to the datum to the datum axis..
surface.

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 12


Position
A positional tolerance controls the location of one feature from another
feature or datum.

Product requirement Product requirements


The point must be contained The axes of each of the four holes
within a circle of 0.1 diameter must be contained in a cylindrical
in the plane of the surface. The tolerance zone of 0.5 diameter, with
circle has its centre at the its own axis coincident with the
intersection of the two theoretically exact position of each
theoretically exact dimensions. hole.
If the point were to be located
by three dimensions, the
tolerance zone would be a
sphere.

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 13


Concentricity & Coaxiality
Two circles are said to be concentric when their centers are coincident.
Two cylinders are said to be coaxial when their axes are coincident.
The deviation from the true centre or datum axis is controlled by the magnitude of
the tolerance zone.
Product requirement Product requirements
To contain the centre of the large To contain the axis of the right-hand
circle within a circular tolerance zone cylinder within a cylindrical tolerance zone
of 0.001 diameter which has its which is coaxial with the axis of the datum
centre coincident with the datum cylinder.
circle centre.

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 14


Circular run-out
Circular run-out is a unique geometrical tolerance. It can be a composite
form control relating two or more characteristics, and it requires a practical
test where the part is rotated through 360° about its own axis.

Product requirement Product requirements


The circular radial run-out At any radius, the circular run-out
must not exceed 0.4 at any must not exceed 0.06 measured
point along the cylinder, parallel to the datum axis.
measured perpendicular to the
datum axis without axial
movement.

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 15


Total Runout
Total runout controls cumulative variations of perpendicularity which can
detect wobble, also flatness which can detect concavity and convexity.

Product requirement
The total runout must not Circular runout provides composite
exceed 0.06 at any point control of circular elements of a surface
measured across the entire
surface parallel to the datum Total runout provides composite
axis. control of all surface elements. The
complete surface is measured, and not
single points, as in circular runout.

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 16


Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
MMC is that condition of a part or feature which contains the maximum amount of
material, e.g. minimum size hole, or a maximum size shaft.

In certain cases its use allows an increase in the specified tolerance if it is indicated
that the tolerance applies to the feature at its maximum material condition.

The maximum material principle takes into account the mutual dependence of
tolerances of size, form, orientation and/or location and permits additional tolerance
as the considered feature departs from its maximum material condition.

The symbol for maximum material condition is the letter M enclosed by a circle, M .
The symbol is positioned in the tolerance frame as follows:

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 17


Least Material Condition (LMC)
LMC is that condition of a part or feature which contains the minimum amount of
material, e.g. maximum size hole or a minimum size shaft.

Circumstances do arise where, for example, a designer would require to limit the
minimum wall thickness between a hole and the side of a component. In such a case
we need to control the least material condition where a part contains the minimum
amount of material.

The appropriate tolerance would then be quoted, followed by the letter L inside a
circle

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 18


Example

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 19


Finishing Symbols
Any manufacturing process permitted

Material shall be removed

Material shall not be removed

M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 20

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