APPLETS (JAVA)

Presented By
Harish Panwar
(09211007)
E-4,CS-IDD
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APPLETS AND APPLICATIONS
 An applet is a Java program that runs on a web
page
 Applets can be run within any modern browser
 To run modern Java applets, old browsers need an
up-to-date Java plugin
 appletviewer is a program that can run
 An application is a Java program that runs all by
itself

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PACKAGES AND CLASSES
 Java supplies a huge library of pre-written
“code,” ready for you to use in your programs
 Code is organized into classes
 Classes are grouped into packages
 One way to use this code is to import it
 You can import a single class, or all the
classes in a package

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 THE APPLET CLASS

 To create an applet, you must import the Applet

class
 This class is in the java.applet package
 The Applet class contains code that works with
a browser to create a display window
 Capitalization matters!
 applet and Applet are different names

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IMPORTING THE APPLET CLASS
 Here is the directive that you need:
import java.applet.Applet;
 import is a keyword
 java.applet is the name of the package
 A dot ( . ) separates the package from the class
 Applet is the name of the class
 There is a semicolon ( ; ) at the end

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THE JAVA.AWT PACKAGE
 “awt” stands for “Abstract Window Toolkit”
 The java.awt package includes classes for:
 Drawing lines and shapes
 Drawing letters
 Setting colors
 Choosing fonts
 If it’s drawn on the screen, then java.awt is
probably involved!

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IMPORTING THE JAVA.AWT PACKAGE
 Since you may want to use many classes from
the java.awt package, simply import them all:
import java.awt.*;
 The asterisk, or star (*), means “all classes”
 The import directives can go in any order, but
must be the first lines in your program

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C AND C++ PROGRAMMERS ONLY

 C and C++ have an #include directive that

copies a library function into your program
 This makes your program bigger
 Java’s import gives you access to the library
 It does not make your program bigger
 It’s OK to use lots of include directives!

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THE APPLET SO FAR

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;

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YOUR APPLET CLASS
public class Drawing extends Applet {
… }
 Drawing is the name of your class
 Class names should always be capitalized
 extends Applet says that our Drawing is a kind of
Applet, but with added capabilities
 Java’s Applet just makes an empty window
 We are going to draw in that window
 The only way to make an applet is to extend Applet

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 THE APPLET SO FAR

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
// CIT 591 example
public class Drawing extends Applet {
…we still need to put some code in here...
}

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THE PAINT METHOD
 Our applet is going to have a method to paint
some colored rectangles on the screen
 This method must be named paint
 paint needs to be told where on the screen it can
draw
 This will be the only parameter it needs
 paint doesn’t return any result

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THE PAINT METHOD, PART 2
 public void paint(Graphics g) { … }
 public says that anyone can use this method
 void says that it does not return a result
 A Graphics (short for “Graphics context”) is an
object that holds information about a painting
 It remembers what color you are using
 It remembers what font you are using
 You can “paint” on it (but it doesn’t remember what
you have painted)

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THE APPLET SO FAR

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
// CIT 591 example
public class Drawing extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
…we still need to put some code in here…
}
}

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COLORS
 The java.awt package defines a class named Color
 There are 13 predefined colors—here are their fully-
qualified names:
Color.BLACK Color.PINK Color.GREEN
Color.DARK_GRAY Color.RED Color.CYAN
Color.GRAY Color.ORANGE Color.BLUE
Color.LIGHT_GRAY Color.YELLOW
Color.WHITE Color.MAGENTA

 Setting a color
g.setColor(Color.RED);
g.setBackground(Color.Green);
g.setForeground(Color.BLUE);

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THE PAINT METHOD SO FAR

public void paint(Graphics g) {

g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
…draw a rectangle…
g.setColor(Color.RED);
…draw another rectangle…
}
}

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JAVA’S COORDINATE SYSTEM
(0, 0) (50, 0)

(0, 20) (50, 20)

(w-1, h-1)

 Java uses an (x, y) coordinate system

 (0, 0) is the top left corner
 (50, 0) is 50 pixels to the right of (0, 0)
 (0, 20) is 20 pixels down from (0, 0)
 (w - 1, h - 1) is just inside the bottom right corner, where w
is the width of the window and h is its height
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DRAWING RECTANGLES
 There are two ways to draw rectangles:
 g.drawRect( left , top , width , height );

 g.fillRect(left , top , width , height );

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THE COMPLETE APPLET
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
// CIT 591 example
public class Drawing extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
g.fillRect(20, 20, 50, 30);
g.setColor(Color.RED);
g.fillRect(50, 30, 50, 30);
}
}
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SOME MORE JAVA.AWT METHODS
 g.drawLine( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 );
 g.drawOval( left , top , width , height );
 g.fillOval( left , top , width , height );
 g.drawRoundRect( left , top , width , height );
 g.fillRoundRect( left , top , width , height );
 g.drawArc( left , top , width , height ,
startAngle , arcAngle );
 g.drawString( string , x , y );

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HTML

<html>
<head>
<title> Hi World Applet </title>
</head>

<body>
<applet code="HiWorld.class"
width=300 height=200>
<param name="arraysize" value="10">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
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THE <APPLET> TAG
 The <applet ...> ... </applet> tag is what tells your browser
to put an applet here
 <applet> has three required attributes:
 code="HiWorld.class" tells the browser where to find the code
 Alternatively, if your code is in a .jar file, you can say
archive="HiWorld.jar“
 width="300" tells the browser how many pixels wide to make the applet
window
 A typical monitor resolution is 72 pixels/inch
 height="200" tells the browser how many pixels high to make the applet
window
 In a browser, you cannot resize the applet; but in appletviewer,
you can resize the applet
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 <PARAM NAME="ARRAYSIZE" VALUE="10">

 You can put parameters in the HTML page, to be

read by the applet
 Parameters go between <applet> and </applet>
 All parameters are read by the applet as Strings
 To read a parameter, use the applet method
public String getParameter(String name)

 Example:
 String s = getParameter("arraysize");
 try { size = Integer.parseInt (s) }
catch (NumberFormatException e) {…}
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THE CLASS APPLET

java.awt.Panel

java.applet.Applet

destroy()
init()
start()
stop()

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THE LIFE-CYCLE OF APPLET
 init()
 Called exactly once in an applet’s life.
 Called when applet is first loaded, which is
after object creation, e.g., when the browser
visits the web page for the first time.
 Used to read applet parameters, start
downloading any other images or media
files, etc.

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APPLET LIFE-CYCLE (CONT.)
 start()
 Called at least once.
 Called when an applet is started or
restarted, i.e., whenever the browser visits
the web page.
 stop()
 Called at least once.
 Called when the browser leaves the web
page.

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APPLET LIFE-CYCLE (CONT.)
 destroy()
 Called exactly once.
 Called when the browser unloads the applet.
 Used to perform any final clean-up.

init

start destroy
stop

start

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PUBLIC VOID PAINT(GRAPHICS G)
 Needed if you do any drawing or painting other
than just using standard GUI Components
 Any painting you want to do should be done
here, or in a method you call from here
 Painting that you do in other methods may or
may not happen
 Never call paint(Graphics), call repaint( )

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REPAINT( )
 Call repaint( ) when you have changed something
and want your changes to show up on the screen
 You do not need to call repaint() when something in
Java’s own components (Buttons, TextFields, etc.)
 You do need to call repaint() after drawing commands
(drawRect(...), fillRect(...), drawString(...), etc.)
 repaint( ) is a request--it might not happen
 When you call repaint( ), Java schedules a call to
update(Graphics g)

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 Ex:- Input 3 numbers using applet and print their
sum,product,average, smallest and largest number.
package harish;
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
import java.text.*;
/*<applet code=t7_q5 width=150 height=200></applet>*/
public class input extends Applet{
TextField text1,text2,text3;
public void init(){
text1=new TextField(10);
text2=new TextField(10);
text3=new TextField(10);
add(text1);
add(text2);
add(text3);

}
public void paint(Graphics g){
float a=0,b=0,c=0,smallest,largest;
String s1,s2,s3,sum,average,product,s_small,s_large;
g.drawString("enter a number in each box ", 10, 50);
try{
s1=text1.getText();
a=Float.parseFloat(s1);
s2=text2.getText();
b=Float.parseFloat(s2);
s3=text3.getText();
c=Float.parseFloat(s3);
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}
catch(Exception e){}
sum=String.valueOf(a+b+c);
average=String.valueOf((a+b+c)/3);
product=String.valueOf(a*b*c);
smallest=a;
if(b<smallest)smallest=b;
if(c<smallest)smallest=c;
s_small=String.valueOf(smallest);
largest=a;
if(b>largest)largest=b;
if(c>largest)largest=c;
s_large=String.valueOf(largest);
g.drawString("sum of entered no. is "+sum,10,70);
g.drawString("product of entered no. is "+product,10,90);
g.drawString("average of entered no. is "+average,10,110);
g.drawString("smallest of entered no. is "+s_small,10,130);
g.drawString("largest of entered no. is "+s_large,10,150);
}
public boolean action(Event event, Object obj){
repaint(0);
return true;
}
}

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THE END

Thank You

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