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Artificial Intelligence: Introduction: Chapter 1

This document provides an introduction and overview of an artificial intelligence course. It discusses key concepts in AI such as rational agents, the Turing test, and different approaches to AI like thinking humanly versus rationally. A brief history of AI is also presented, highlighting important early programs and researchers. The state of modern AI achievements in areas like chess, mathematics, autonomous vehicles and space exploration is summarized at the end.

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49 views

Artificial Intelligence: Introduction: Chapter 1

This document provides an introduction and overview of an artificial intelligence course. It discusses key concepts in AI such as rational agents, the Turing test, and different approaches to AI like thinking humanly versus rationally. A brief history of AI is also presented, highlighting important early programs and researchers. The state of modern AI achievements in areas like chess, mathematics, autonomous vehicles and space exploration is summarized at the end.

Uploaded by

chakravarthyashok
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

Introduction: Chapter 1
Outline
• Course overview
• What is AI?
• A brief history
• The state of the art
Course overview
• Introduction and Agents (chapters 1,2)
• Search (chapters 3,4,5,6)
• Logic (chapters 7,8,9)
• Planning (chapters 11,12)
• Uncertainty (chapters 13,14)
• Learning (chapters 18,20)
• Natural Language Processing (chapter
22,23)
What is AI?
Views of AI fall into four categories:

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally


Acting humanly Acting rationally

The textbook advocates "acting rationally"


Acting humanly: Turing Test
• Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
• "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave intelligently?"
• Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

• Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of


fooling a lay person for 5 minutes
• Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years
• Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning,
language understanding, learning
•
•
Thinking humanly: cognitive
modeling
• 1960s "cognitive revolution": information-
processing psychology
• Requires scientific theories of internal activities
of the brain
• -- How to validate? Requires
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects
(top-down)
or 2) Direct identification from neurological data
(bottom-up)
• Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science
and Cognitive Neuroscience)
• are now distinct from AI
•
Thinking rationally: "laws of
thought"
• Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought
processes?
• Several Greek schools developed various forms of
logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may
or may not have proceeded to the idea of
mechanization
• Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to
modern AI
• Problems:
1. Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation
2. What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I
have?
3.
•
Acting rationally: rational agent
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing
• The right thing: that which is expected to
maximize goal achievement, given the
available information
• Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g.,
blinking reflex – but thinking should be in
the service of rational action
•
•
Rational agents
• An agent is an entity that perceives and acts
• This course is about designing rational agents
• Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept
histories to actions:
[f: P*  A]
• For any given class of environments and tasks,
we seek the agent (or class of agents) with the
best performance
• Caveat: computational limitations make perfect
rationality unachievable
 design best program for given machine resources
–
AI prehistory
• Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
• Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability
• Economics utility, decision theory
• Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity
• Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control,
experimental techniques
• Computer building fast computers
engineering
• Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
• Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar
Abridged history of AI
• 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
• 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
• 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
• 1952—69 Look, Ma, no hands!
• 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine
• 1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
• 1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
• 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
• 1980-- AI becomes an industry
• 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
• 1987-- AI becomes a science
• 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
State of the art
• Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion
Garry Kasparov in 1997
• Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)
unsolved for decades
• No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of
the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI
logistics planning and scheduling program that involved
up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
• NASA's on-board autonomous planning program
controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
• Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most
humans

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