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University of Engineering and Technology Taxila Mechanical Engineering Department

Instruments

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Asad ullah
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54 views32 pages

University of Engineering and Technology Taxila Mechanical Engineering Department

Instruments

Uploaded by

Asad ullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of Engineering and

Technology Taxila
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lecture No: 06

Course Title: Measurement and


Instrumentation
(ME-314)
Tutor: Khalid Masood Khan

Pressure
Pressure is defined as force per unit
area
The SI unit of pressure is the pascal,
Pa
(N/m2)

Categories of Pressure Instruments


Pressure Reference Instruments
Pressure Transducers

Pressure Reference Instruments


McLeod Gauge
Barometer
Manometer
Deadweight Tester
4

McLeod Gauge
A pressure-measuring instrument and
a
laboratory reference standard
Used to measure gas pressure in the
range:
1 mm Hg (abs) down to 0.1 mm Hg
(abs).
Using Boyles law, at equilibrium and
measuring
Continue
position:

continued

Barometer
It consists of an initially evacuated
tube that
is closed on one end. The open
end is
inverted and immersed within a
liquid-filled
reservoir
The reservoir is open to
Continue
atmospheric
pressure, which forces the liquid to

continued

The resulting height of the liquid


column
above the reservoir free surface is
a
measure of the absolute
atmospheric
pressure in equivalent head (p/)
Barometers are used as local
standards for
measuring atmospheric pressure

10

11

Manometer
It is an instrument used to measure
differential
pressure ranging from about 0.001
mm of
manometer fluid to several meters
The difference in pressures across the
two free
surfaces
brings about the offset in
Continue
the
12

Applying hydrostatic equation to the


manometer gives:

which gives

continue
13

continued

Static sensitivity of U-tube manometer is

Instrument uncertainty can be


as low as
0.020.2% of the reading
14

15

Deadweight Tester
It consists of a chamber filled with a
liquid, and a
carefully machined piston and cylinder.
Adjustable
plunger produces oil pressure by
compression
At static equilibrium, the piston will float
and
chamber pressure in this condition is
Continue

16

continue
17

continued

Deadweight tester is used as a


laboratory standard for calibration
of
pressure-measuring devices over
the pressure
range: 70710 N/m2
Chamber pressure uncertainty: 0.05
0.01%
18

Pressure Transducers
Bourdon tube
Bellows and Capsules
Diaphragms
A pressure transducer converts a
measured pressure into a mechanical
or electrical signal. It is usually a
hybrid sensor-transducer

19

20

21

Bourdon Tube
The Bourdon tube is a curved metal
tube
having an elliptical cross section
that
mechanically deforms under
pressure
The difference in pressure between
the inside
Continue
and the outside of the tube brings

22

Several variations are the C shape,


the spiral,
and the twisted tube
Bourdon tube mechanical dial
gauge is
perhaps the most commonly used
pressure
transducer
In a typical design, a mechanical
continue
linkage

23

continued

The pressure range is 1010 Pa


Instrument uncertainty is 0.1% of
the full
scale deflection. However, values
of 0.52%
are more common

24

Bellows and Capsules


A bellows sensing element is a thinwalled,
flexible metal tube formed into deep
convolutions
and sealed at one end. One end is held
fixed and
pressure is applied internally
Difference between
Continue
the internal and the
external
25

Housed in a sealed evacuated


chamber, it will
measure the absolute pressure;
vented
through a reference pressure port, it
will
measure differential pressure; open
to
continue
atmosphere, it will measure
pressure above
26

A capsule sensing element is a thinwalled,


flexible metal tube similar to the
bellows but
tending to have a wider diameter
and shorter
length
A mechanical linkage is used to
continued
convert the
translational displacement of the

27

A common secondary transducer is


the
sliding arm potentiometer

28

Diaphragm
An effective primary element,
diaphragm is a
thin elastic circular plate supported
about its
circumference
A pressure differential across the
surface of the
Continue
diaphragm acts to deform it
29

Both membrane and corrugated


designs are
used. Membranes are made of
metals or
nonmetallic material
Corrugations in diaphragms
increase stiffness
and diaphragm effective area.
Diaphragms
continue
are well suited for either static or

30

continued

Various secondary elements are


available
to translate diaphragm
displacement into
a measurable signal
These are
Strain Gauge Elements
Capacitance Elements
Piezoelectric Crystal
Elements

31

32

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