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Line Coding

The document discusses different types of line coding techniques used to transmit digital data over analog channels. It describes several common line coding schemes such as unipolar NRZ, unipolar RZ, polar NRZ, polar RZ, bipolar AMI, Manchester coding, and HDB3 coding. For each type of line coding, it outlines the basic implementation, advantages, disadvantages, bandwidth requirements, and other comparison parameters. The goal of line coding is to convert digital bit patterns into analog signals suitable for transmission over bandwidth-limited channels while avoiding intersymbol interference.

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shridon
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110 views

Line Coding

The document discusses different types of line coding techniques used to transmit digital data over analog channels. It describes several common line coding schemes such as unipolar NRZ, unipolar RZ, polar NRZ, polar RZ, bipolar AMI, Manchester coding, and HDB3 coding. For each type of line coding, it outlines the basic implementation, advantages, disadvantages, bandwidth requirements, and other comparison parameters. The goal of line coding is to convert digital bit patterns into analog signals suitable for transmission over bandwidth-limited channels while avoiding intersymbol interference.

Uploaded by

shridon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

JTO Ph I

FoT
3.2

Line Codes

Objectives:

Need of Line Coding


Introduction of Line Coding
Properties of Line Coding
Types of Line Coding
Advantages and Disadvantages
Power Spectral Density
PSD of Line Coding
Comparison of Line Coding

Need Of Line Coding:


Various Techniques
Other Way: From Computers
Information: Inherently discrete in nature
Transmitted over band-limited channel: Signal gets Dispersed
Causes: Overlap and Distortion
Distortion: Intersymbol Interference(ISI)

To avoid all these problems we are going


for

Line Coding

Introduction:
Binary Data: Pulses
Line Coding: A pair of pulses to represent symbols
and 0

Properties of Line Coding:


Transmission Bandwidth: as small as possible
Power Efficiency: As small as possible for given BW and
probability of error
Error Detection and Correction capability: Ex: Bipolar
Favorable power spectral density: dc=0
Adequate timing content: Extract timing from pulses
Transparency: Prevent long strings of 0s or 1s

Types of Line Coding:

Unipolar Signaling:
On-Off keying ie OOK
Pulse 0: Absence of pulse
Pulse1 : Presence of pulse

There are two common variations of unipolar signalling:


1.Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

2.Return to Zero (RZ)


8

Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ):


Duration of the MARK pulse ( ) is equal to the duration (To) of
the symbol slot.

Advantages:
Simplicity in implementation
Doesnt require a lot of bandwidth for transmission.

Disadvantages:
Presence of DC level (indicated by spectral line at 0 Hz).
Contains low frequency components. Causes Signal Droop
Does not have any error correction capability.
Does not posses any clocking component for ease of
synchronisation.
Is not Transparent. Long string of zeros causes loss of
synchronisation.
10

Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ):


MARK pulse ( ) is less than the duration (To) of the symbol slot.
Fills only the first half of the time slot, returning to zero for the
second half.

11

Advantages:

Simplicity in implementation.
Presence of a spectral line at symbol rate which can be used as
symbol timing clock signal.

Disadvantages:

Presence of DC level (indicated by spectral line at 0 Hz).


Continuous part is non-zero at 0 Hz. Causes Signal Droop.
Does not have any error correction capability.
Occupies twice as much bandwidth as Unipolar NRZ.
Is not Transparent

12

Polar Signalling:
Polar RZ
Polar NRZ
Polar NRZ:
A binary 1 is represented by a pulse g1(t)
A binary 0 by the opposite (or antipodal) pulse g0(t) = -g1(t).

13

Advantages:
Simplicity in implementation.
No DC component.

Disadvantages:
Continuous part is non-zero at 0 Hz. Causes Signal Droop.
Does not have any error correction capability.
Does not posses any clocking component for ease of
synchronisation.
Is not transparent.

14

Polar RZ:
A binary 1: A pulse g1(t)
A binary 0: The opposite (or antipodal) pulse g0(t) = -g1(t).
Fills only the first half of the time slot, returning to zero for the
second half.

15

Advantages:
Simplicity in implementation.
No DC component.

Disadvantages:
Continuous part is non-zero at 0 Hz. Causes Signal Droop.
Does not have any error correction capability.
Occupies twice as much bandwidth as Polar NRZ.

16

Bipolar Signalling:
Alternate mark inversion (AMI)

Uses three voltage levels (+V, 0, -V)


0: Absence of a pulse
1: Alternating voltage levels of +V and V

17

Bipolar NRZ:

Bipolar RZ:

18

Advantages:
No DC component.
Occupies less bandwidth than unipolar and polar NRZ schemes.
Does not suffer from signal droop (suitable for transmission over
AC coupled lines).
Possesses single error detection capability.

Disadvantages:
Does not posses any clocking component for ease of
synchronisation.
Is not Transparent.
19

Manchester Signalling:
The duration of the bit is divided into two halves
A One is +ve in 1st half and -ve in 2nd half.
A Zero is -ve in 1st half and +ve in 2nd half.

20

Advantages:
No DC component.
Does not suffer from signal droop (suitable for transmission over
AC coupled lines).
Easy to synchronise.
Is Transparent.

Disadvantages:
Because of the greater number of transitions it occupies a
significantly large bandwidth.
Does not have error detection capability.
21

Comparison of Line Codes:


Sr.
No.

Parameters

Polar RZ

Polar NRZ

AMI

Manchester

Transmission of DC
component

YES

YES

NO

NO

Signaling Rate

1/Tb

1/Tb

1/Tb

1/Tb

Noise Immunity

LOW

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

Synchronizing
Capability

Poor

Poor

Very Good

Very Good

Bandwidth Required

1/Tb

1/2Tb

1/2Tb

1/Tb

Crosstalk

HIGH

HIGH

LOW

LOW

22

High Density Bipolar 3 code


HDB3 encodes any pattern of more
than four bits as B00V (or 100V; 1B
(Bit))
Ex: The pattern of bits
11000011000000
+ - 0 0 0 0 + - 0 0 0 0 0 0 (AMI)
Encoded in HDB3 is:
+ - B 0 0 V - + B 0 0 V 0 0, which is:
+-+00+-+-00-00

HDB3
Any run of 4 zeros is replaced by the
special pattern: B00D
D is sent as +/- A, such that successive Ds
have alternating polarity (1st D is arbitrary)
B is sent as 0 or +/- A. Select B such that the
next D violates the AMI alternating polarity
result, ie send B as 0 if D violates the polarity
rule. Otherwise send B=D to force a violation
of the alternating polarity rule

HDB3
Equivalently,
B is sent as 0 if there has been an odd number
of input 1s since the last special sequence
B00D
B is sent as +/- A if there has been an even
number of input 1s since the last special
sequence B00D

All other symbols obey the AMI rules


The scheme allows the unique detection of
the special sequences, since polarity
violations correspond with the D symbols.
An overall mean of zero is achieved

HDB3
1
A
0
-A

HDB3
There are never more than 3
consecutive zeros, so plenty of edges
for timing regeneration
The channel is not required to pass dc
The transmit power requirement is a
little greater than AMI (about 10%)

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