Scribd
Upload
191 views22 pages

Logic Design and Digital Computer Circuit: CMSC208

This document discusses logic gates and digital circuits. It begins by defining logic gates as electronic devices that perform Boolean logic functions on inputs and produce a single output. Common logic gates include AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates. Truth tables are used to show the relationship between inputs and outputs of logic gates. More complex digital circuits can be built by combining multiple logic gates in sequences. The document provides details on common logic gate symbols and how to represent their functions using truth tables.

Uploaded by

Percival A Fernandez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
191 views22 pages

Logic Design and Digital Computer Circuit: CMSC208

This document discusses logic gates and digital circuits. It begins by defining logic gates as electronic devices that perform Boolean logic functions on inputs and produce a single output. Common logic gates include AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates. Truth tables are used to show the relationship between inputs and outputs of logic gates. More complex digital circuits can be built by combining multiple logic gates in sequences. The document provides details on common logic gate symbols and how to represent their functions using truth tables.

Uploaded by

Percival A Fernandez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Logic Design and

Digital Computer
Circuit
CMSC208

Percival A.
Fernandez

Logic Gates
Inelectronics,

alogic gateis an idealized or physical


device implementing aBoolean function; that is, it
performs alogical operationon one or more logical
inputs, and produces a single logical output. Depending
on the context, the term may refer to anideal logic
gate, one that has for instance zerorise timeand
unlimitedfan-out, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical
device[1](seeIdeal and real op-ampsfor comparison).
Logic gates are primarily implemented usingdiodesor
transistorsacting aselectronic switches, but can also be
constructed usingvacuum tubes, electromagneticrelays(
relay logic),fluidic logic,pneumatic logic,optics,
molecules, or evenmechanicalelements. With
amplification, logic gates can be cascaded in the same
way that Boolean functions can be composed, allowing
the construction of a physical model of all ofBoolean logic
, and therefore, all of the algorithms andmathematicsthat
can be described with Boolean logic.

Logic Gates
Logic

circuits include such devices as


multiplexers,registers,arithmetic logic units
(ALUs), andcomputer memory, all the way
up through completemicroprocessors, which
may contain more than 100 million gates. In
modern practice, most gates are made from
field-effect transistors(FETs), particularly
MOSFETs(metaloxidesemiconductor fieldeffect transistors).
Compound logic gatesAND-OR-Invert(AOI)
and OR-AND-Invert (OAI) are often employed
in circuit design because their construction
using MOSFETs is simpler and more efficient
than the sum of the individual gates.

Basic Gates and Functions


Boolean functions may be practically
implemented by using electronic gates. The
following points are important to understand.
Electronic gates require a power supply.
GateINPUTSare driven by voltages having
two nominal values, e.g. 0V and 5V
representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively.
TheOUTPUTof a gate provides two nominal
values of voltage only, e.g. 0V and 5V
representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively. In
general, there is only one output to a logic
gate except in some special cases.
There is always a time delay between an input
being applied and the output responding.

Truth Tables
Truth

tablesare used to help show the


function of a logic gate.

Understanding

Truth Tables
Truth tables help understand the behaviour of
logic gates.
They show how the input(s) of a logic gate relate
to its output(s).
The gate input(s) are shown in the left column(s)
of the table with all the different possible input
combinations. This is normally done by making
the inputs count up in binary.
The gate output(s) are shown in the right hand
side column.

Truth Tables

Truth Tables
Drawing

Truth Tables for Combined

Gates
Truth tables can also help understand
the behavior of combinations of logic
gates linked together.
They are drawn in the same way as
before but this time adding more
columns in between the input and
output columns.
Each of the new columns show the
outputs of stages in the logic circuit.

Logic Gates
AND

gate

The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives


ahighoutput (1) only ifallits inputs are high.

A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e.


A.B.
Bear in mind that this dot is sometimes

Logic Gates
OR

gate

The OR gate is an electronic circuit that


gives a high output (1) ifone or moreof its
inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show
the OR operation.

Logic Gates
NOT

gate

The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that


produces an inverted version of the input at its
output. It is also known as aninverter. If the
input variable is A, the inverted output is known
as NOT A.
This is also shown as A', or A with a bar over the
top, as shown at the outputs. The diagrams
below show two ways that the NAND logic gate
can be configured to produce a NOT gate. It can
also be done using NOR logic gates in the same

Logic Gates
NAND

gate

This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an


AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The
outputs of all NAND gates are high ifanyof
the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND
gate with a small circle on the output. The
small circle represents inversion.

Logic Gates
NOR

gate

This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an


OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The
outputs of all NOR gates are low ifanyof the
inputs are high.
The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle
on the output. The small circle represents

Logic Gates
EXOR

gate

The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which


will give a high output ifeither, but not
both, of its two inputs are high.
An encircled plus sign () is used to show the
EOR operation.

Logic Gates
EXNOR

gate

The 'Exclusive-NOR'gate circuit does the


opposite to the EOR gate. It will give a low
output ifeither, but not both, of its two
inputs are high.
The symbol is an EXOR gate with a small
circle on the output. The small circle

Logic gate symbols

Logic gates representation using the Truth


table

The End

References:
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/CAL/digital-logic/
gatesfunc/
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organ
ization/logic_gates.htm

You might also like