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Convection

Heat transfer by convection occurs due to the movement of fluid in the form of eddies or currents. Natural convection arises from heat transfer itself, while forced convection uses an external force like a pump. Convection involves a velocity boundary layer and thermal boundary layer near surfaces. The thickness of these layers influences surface friction and heat transfer coefficients. Dimensionless parameters like Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers characterize convection problems. Empirical correlations relate these numbers to predict heat transfer rates in internal and external flows.

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327 views26 pages

Convection

Heat transfer by convection occurs due to the movement of fluid in the form of eddies or currents. Natural convection arises from heat transfer itself, while forced convection uses an external force like a pump. Convection involves a velocity boundary layer and thermal boundary layer near surfaces. The thickness of these layers influences surface friction and heat transfer coefficients. Dimensionless parameters like Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers characterize convection problems. Empirical correlations relate these numbers to predict heat transfer rates in internal and external flows.

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Dozdi
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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CONVECTION

HEAT TRANSFER
CONVECTION
Heat transfer by CONVECTION occurs as a result of the
movement of fluid on a macroscopic scale in the form of
eddies or circulating currents.

If currents arise from the heat transfer itself, NATURAL


CONVECTION occurs.

In FORCED CONVECTION the circulating currents are


produced by an external agency (e.g. an agitator in a
reaction vessel or as a result of turbulent flow in pipe.
CONVECTION: heat transfer between a solid
and a fluid

Newton’s Law of Cooling:


 
q = h A (Ts-T)
CONVECTION BOUNDARY LAYERS
The Velocity Boundary Layer

u
u
free stream

(x)

velocity BL y

x
 - velocity boundary layer thickness
- the value of y for which u = 0.99u
Velocity Boundary Layer

• Develops whenever there is fluid flow over a


surface
• Of fundamental importance to problems
involving convection transport
• In fluid mechanics
– For external flow, it provides the basis for
determining the local friction coefficient

2 s
Cf  2
u
The Thermal Boundary Layer

T
T
free stream

t (x)

thermal BL y
t

Ts x

t - thermal boundary layer thickness


- the value of y for which (Ts – T) = 0.99 (Ts - T)
Thermal Boundary Layer

• Must develop if the fluid free stream and surface


temperatures differ
• At the surface, there is no fluid motion and energy
transfer occurs only by conduction
– Conduction
qs T
 k f T
A y kf
y 0
y y 0
– Convection h
qs Ts  T
 h Ts  T 
A
Significance of Boundary Layers

• For the engineer, the principal


manifestation of the boundary layers are
– SURFACE FRICTION
• Key BL parameter: friction coefficient, Cf
– CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
• Key BL parameter: convective heat transfer
coefficient, h
Boundary Layer Parameters

• Key BL parameters are evaluated from BL


equations
• BL approximations
u x  u y
– Velocity BL u x u x u y u y
 , ,
y x y x

– Thermal BL T T

y x
Boundary Layer Parameters

• BL similarity parameters

Parameter Definition Significance

Reynolds Lu Ratio of inertia and viscous forces


No. (Re) Re 

Prandtl No. Cp Ratio of momentum and thermal
(Pr) Pr  diffusivities
k
Nusselt No. Dimensionless temperature
hL
(Nu) Nu  gradient at the surface
k
• PRANDTL NO. (Pr): a measure of the relative
effectiveness of momentum and energy transport by
diffusion in the velocity and thermal boundary layers,
respectively.

– For laminar flow  Pr n
t
• n is a positive number
• For gas:   t
• For liquid metal: t >>
• For oil: t << 
Momentum and Heat Transfer
REYNOLDS ANALOGY
Re
Cf  Nu
2
h Nu
Stanton Number St  
uC p Re Pr

Cf for Pr = 1
 St Relates key parameters of the
2 velocity and thermal BL
Momentum and Heat Transfer
CHILTON-COLBURN ANALOGY
If Pr  1 (0.60 < Pr <
60)
Cf
 St Pr 2 / 3  jH
2
FORCED CONVECTION
Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer
(Buckingham  Method)
For FORCED CONVECTION

h  h ( L,  ,  , C p , k , u )
1  L k  u 
a b c d

 2  L k  u Cp
e f g h

3  L k  u h
i j k l
Final form of the correlation for convective heat
transfer coefficient

hL  Lu C p  
 f  , 
k   k 

Nu  f  Re, Pr 
FORCED COVECTION INSIDE PIPES

1. LAMINAR FLOW INSIDE A PIPE / TUBE (Re < 2100)

SIEDER-TATE EQUATION [(Re Pr D/L) > 100]

1/ 3 0.14
hD  D  b 
Nu   1.86 Re Pr   
k  L  w 

Equation 4.5-4 Geankoplis 4ed


2. TURBULENT FLOW INSIDE A PIPE / TUBE

2.1 FULLY-DEVELOPED (hydrodynamically and thermally) turbulent


flow in a smooth circular tube

Cf f Nu D
  St Pr 
2/3
Pr 2 / 3
2 8 Re D Pr

COLBURN EQUATION

Nu D  0.023 Re 4/5
D Pr 1/ 3
DITTUS-BOELTER EQUATION

Nu D  0.023 Re 4/5
D Pr n

n = 0.40 for heating (Ts > Tm)


n = 0.30 for cooling (Ts < Tm)
0.70  Pr  160
ReD  10,000
L/D  10
SIEDER-TATE EQUATION
0.14
hL D 1/ 3  b 
Nu   0.027 Re D Pr  
4/5

k  w 
0.70  Pr  16000
Re > 6,000
L/D  60

Equation 4.5-8 Geankoplis 4ed


3. TRANSITION FLOW INSIDE A PIPE / TUBE
2100 < Re < 6000

Use Figure 4.5-2 Geankoplis 4ed

4. ENTRANCE-REGION EFFECT ON h
0.7
h D
 1   2 < L/D < 20 4.5-12
hL L

h D
 1  6  20 < L/D < 60 4.5-13
hL L
5. LIQUID-METALS HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

Fully developed turbulent flow in


tubes with uniform heat flux hL D
L/D > 60 Nu   0.625Pe 0.40
k
100 < Pe < 104
Eq. 4.5-14

Fully developed turbulent flow in


tubes with constant wall hL D
temperatures Nu   5.0  0.025Pe 0.8

L/D > 60 k
Pe > 100 Eq. 4.5-15
FORCED COVECTION OUTSIDE
VARIOUS GEOMETRIES

Heat-transfer coefficient on immersed


bodies is given by

Nu  C Re Pr m 1/ 3
Eq. 4.6-1

NOTE: FLUID PROPERTIES ARE EVALUATED AT THE


FILM TEMPERATURE:

1
T f   Tw  Tb 
2
FLOW PARALLEL TO FLAT PLATE

Re < 3 x 105 (laminar)

Nu = 0.664 Re0.50 Pr1/3 Eq. 4.6-2

Re < 3 x 105 (turbulent)


Eq. 4.6-3
Nu = 0.0366 Re0.80 Pr1/3
CYLINDER WITH AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO FLOW

Nu  C Re Pr m 1/ 3 Eq. 4.6-1

TABLE 4.6-1

Re m C
1-4 0.330 0.989

4 - 40 0.385 0.911

40 to 4 x 103 0.466 0.683

4 x 103 to 0.618 0.193


4 x 104
4 x 104 to 0.805 0.0266
2.5 x 105
FLOW PAST SINGLE SPHERE

Nu  2.0  0.60 Re 0.50


Pr 1/ 3

1 < Re < 70,000 Eq. 4.6-4


0.60 < Pr < 400

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