CHAPTER 3:

INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING

CSC 099

Edited by: Zaid Mujaiyid Putra

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1. Describe the basic structure of C programming.
2. Declare variables in C programming.
3. Apply the concepts of data types, identifiers
and various operators used in C programming.
4. Use the standard input & output function.
5. Translate from an algorithm to programming.

Part I : C
Programming

Introduction

C language facilitates a structured and

disciplined approach to computer design
Its capabilities:

Permits to be written as a high-level

structured language
Provides to directly access the internal
hardware of a computer.

Example: C Program

Program
Output

Structure of C Program
//Written by: Nurhilyana Anuar
/*This program is to calculate the area of a cylinder*/
#include <stdio.h>
#define pi 3.142

Comments

Preprocessor
Header
directive
file
main()
function

int main()
{
float radius, height;,A_cyl;

printf(Please enter radius: );

scanf(%f,&radius);
printf(Please enter height: );
scanf(%f,&height);

printf(Area for the cylinder is %f , A_cyl);

Function
body

Variable
declaration
(local
declaration)

Statemen
ts

A_cyl = 2*pi*radius*height;

return 0;

Define constant pi with

value 3.142

Return
statement

Structure of C Program
7

Comments

Two format
Line comment

Two slashes (//) at the beginning of comment

Eg: //Written by : Rosmiza Wahida

Block comment

Consists of opening token(/*) and closing token (*/)

Example : /*This program is to calculate

the area of a cylinder*/

Comments CANNOT be nested (comments inside

comments)
Use : to document programs and improve program
readability

Structure of C Program
8

Preprocessor Directive

Will be read first before the program is compiled

Indicated by pound or hash sign (#)
#include to include the contents of another file
#define to define global variable/constant
** No space between # and include

#include <stdio.h>

stdio.h
Dot h (.h) header file
Allows printf() and scanf()

#define pi 3.142

pi - Name of constant
3.142 value of the constant

Structure of C Program
9

main() function
compulsory function

int
stands

for Integer.
indicates that the function sends an integer
back to operating system

main()
name of the function
MUST be followed by a set of braces ({ })
the beginning and ending of a function

Structure of C Program
10

Function Body

Enclosed by a set of braces ({ })

Function contains
Local declaration
Declaration

of variables used in that particular function

Example:

float radius, height;

Statements OR Program body

Set

of instructions of what the function/program should do

Return Statement
Return

value that sends back to operating system

Example:
return 0;
** 0 usually indicates that a program has been executed
successfully

Common Programming Language

Elements
11

Syntax

Line

A line is a single line appear in the body of

program

Statement

Rules that must be followed when constructing a

program

A complete instruction that causes the computer to

perform some action

Keywords (Reserved Words)

Words that have special meaning and used for

intended purpose

Common Programming Language

Elements
12

Programmer-Defined Identifier
(Identifier)

Operators

Words/names defined by programmer.

Symbolic names refer to variables or functions
Operator perform operations on one or more
operands

Punctuations

Punctuation characters mark the beginning or

ending of a statement, or separate item in a
list

Punctuations

13

Comma (,) use to separate item in a list

Use to separate item in a list

Example :
float radius, height;

Semicolon (;)

Use at the end of a complete instruction

Example :
float radius, height;
printf(Please enter radius: );
A_cyl = 2*pi*radius*height;
return 0;

Reserved Words/Keywords

14

Special words reserved for C Program

which have specific meaning and
purpose
CANNOT be used as identifiers or
variable name
C and C++ Reserved Words
auto in lower
do
goto
Appear
case
signed
union
break
case
char
const
continue
default

double
else
enum
extern
float
for

if
int
long
register
return
short

sizeof
static
struct
switch
typedef

unsigned
void
volatile
while

Identifiers
15

Allows programmers to NAME data and other

objects in the program
variable, constant, function etc.
Rules in naming identifiers:
MUST consist ONLY of alphabetic characters
(uppercase or lower case), digits and underscores (_).
First character MUST be alphabetic character or
underscore.
CANNOT contain spaces.
CANNOT duplicate with any reserved word.

** C is CASE-SENSETIVE

this means that NUM1, Num1, num1, and NuM1 are

four completely different names.

16

Example of Valid & Invalid Identifiers

Valid Identifiers

A
student_name
_aSystemName
Pi
Al
stdntNm
anthrSysNm
PI

Invalid Identifiers

$sum // $ is illegal
2names // cant
start with 2
stdnt Nmbr // cant
have space
int // reserved word

Variables

17

Names correspond to locations in the

computer's memory
Has an IDENTIFIER, a DATA TYPE, a
SIZE and a VALUE
Created via a declaration:
int integer1, integer2, sum;
Values are replaced once received
input from scanf()

Variable Declaration
18

To reserve a specific space in memory

Variable needs to be declared FIRST before use
Syntax :
data_type variable_name;
Example:
int maxItems = 0;
float payRate;
double tax;
char code;
int a, b;
// equivalent to int a; int b;

19

Example of Variables in
Memory

long
int

Data Types
Determine the kind of
information stored in variables.
Classify variables.
Functions also have types which
determine by the data it returns.

5 Standard Data Types

21

Data
types

Amount Description
of
storage

Example

void

None/Nu
ll

Type of data that have no value

void display();

int

4 bytes

Represent numerical values

from
-2,147,483,648 to
+2,147,483,647
Whole number

int num = -28;

float

4 bytes

Referred as single precision

number and
the number contains decimal
point
Range values -1.4012984643e45 to 3.4028234663e+38

float length = 10.56;

float height = 1.5;
float area =
789.1557;

double

8 bytes

Referred as double precision

number
Range values

double dist=
546464.59;

Numeric Data Types

22

Numeric data types are divided into 2

categories :

Integer
Floating-point

Integer Data Type

23

To store WHOLE NUMBER without fraction

C program supports 3 different sizes of integer
short int
int
long int
Maximum Value

2
2

Minimum
Value
-32,768
0

int
unsigned int
long int

4
4
4

-2,147,483,648
0
-2,147,483,648

2,147,483,647
4,294,967,295
2,147,483,647

unsigned long int

4,294,967,295

Type

Byte Size

short int
unsigned short int

32,767
65,535

Floating Point Data Type

24

To store FLOATING-POINT number

C program supports 3 different sizes of integer
float
double
long double
Range

Type

Byte
Size

Precision

float

10-37 ..1038

double

15

10-307 ..10308

long double

10

19

10-4931 ..104932

Variable Initialization

25

To set first value of a variable

Syntax :
data_type

variable_name = value;

Example :

int count = 5;
int sum = 0;
int count=0 , sum = 0;
char letter = B;

Exercises

Identify valid and invalid variable name:

sum.of , 12345 , newbal , c123 , $balance
Write a declaration statement to declare that the variable
count will be used to keep an integer
Write a declaration statement to declare that the variable
grade will be used to keep a character
Write a declaration statements for the following :
i) tempA, tempB, and tempC used to assign integer
numbers
ii) price, yield, and coupon used to assign decimal
numbers

27

Standard Output & Input

Function

Output function printf()

To display information on the computer screen

Example :
printf(Programming is great FUN!! Loving IT!);

Input function scanf()

To read data that entered from a keyboard

Example :
printf(Please enter an integer value >>\n);
scanf(%d, &val1);

** MUST include <stdio.h> header file

Escape Sequence
28

backslash(\) in a string

Escape
Sequence
\n
\t
\a
\\
\

Description
Newline. Position the cursor at the
beginning of the next line.
Horizontal tab. Move the cursor to
the next tab stop.
Alert. Sound the system bell.
Backslash. Insert a backslash
character in a string.
Double quote. Insert a double-quote
character in a string.

Standard Output Function

29

2 Syntax of printf()

Write your message

here.

printf(FormatControlString);
Example :

printf (Hello Dear, \n);

Write your message
here.

printf(FormatControlString FormatSpecifier,
PrintList);

Example :

int year=2006;

printf(Year is %d, year);

FormatSpecifier for
printing an integer
value.
Position where the value

To read the value of an

integer from this variable

30

Common Output Format

Specifiers

Specifies the argument type

Data Type

Format Specifiers

int

%d

float

%f

double

%lf

char

%c

string

%s

Example : printf() function

31

printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );

%d means the value of the mentioned

variable is printed here.
sum retrieve the value kept in variable
sum.

Question
Let say, the value kept in sum variable is
10, what is the actual output?

Different Ways of Formatting

printf()

32

Display normal message

printf("Hello Welcome to C");

Display space/tab
printf("\tWelcome");

Display new line

printf("\n");

Printing value of variable

printf("Addition of two Numbers : %d",sum);

Printing value of the calculation

printf("Addition of two Numbers : %d", num1+num2);

Different Ways of Formatting

printf()
33

Multiple format specifier

printf("I Love %c %s",'c',"Programming");

Display integer in different styles

printf(\n%d",1234);
printf(\n%3d",1234);
printf(\n%6d",1234);
printf(\n%-6d",1234);
printf(\n%06d",1234);

Output
1234
1234
##1234
1234##
001234

***Note:

# symbol is used to indicate

empty spaces

Different Ways of Formatting

printf()

34

Display fraction number in different styles

printf("\n%f",1234.12345);
printf("\n%.4f",1234.12345);
printf("\n%3.2f",1234.12345);
printf("\n%-15.2f",1234.12345);
printf("\n%15.2f",1234.12345);

Output
1234.123450
decimal

//by default, it prints 6 values after the

1234.1235
1234.12
1234.12########
(.)
########1234.12
(.)

// prints from left (-ve). 15 spaces including

// prints from right (+ve). 15 spaces including

Different Ways of Formatting

printf()
35

Display fraction number in different styles

char str[]="Programming";
// Length = 11
printf("\n%s",str);
// Display Complete String
printf("\n%10s",str);
// 10 < string Length, thus display Complete String
printf("\n%15s",str);
// Display Complete String with RIGHT alignment
printf("\n%-15s",str); // Display Complete String with LEFT alignment
printf("\n%15.5s",str);
//Width=15 and show only first 5 characters with
RIGHT alignment
printf("\n%-15.5s",str);
//Width=15 and show only first 5 characters with
LEFT alignment

Output
Programming
Programming
####Programming
Programming####
##########Progr
Progr##########

Standard Input Function

36

Syntax of scanf()

scanf(FormatControlString, InputList);
Example:
int age;
scanf(%d, &age);

format specifiers
only

& indicates
address of the
variable

37

Common scanf() Format

Specifiers
Data Type

Format Specifiers

int

%d

float

%f

double

%lf

char

%c

string

%s

38

Example : scanf() Function

scanf( "%d", &integer1 );

%d - indicates data should be an integer value ONLY

&integer1 - location in memory to store variable

** When executing the program, this scanf reads

the value that entered by using a keyboard.
Question
Let say, the value entered is 12. Where is the
value stored?

Example : scanf() Function

39

double height, weight;

int year;
printf(Input height value : );
scanf(%lf, &height);
printf(Year : );
scanf(d, year); /* Syntax error!!

Why? */

printf(Input weight value : );

scanf(%lf, weight); /* Syntax error!!

Why? */

Example : Input Multiple Values with a

single scanf()
40

int height;
char ch;
double weight;

scanf(%d %c %lf, &height, &ch , &weight);

Put a space between the specifiers
** It is always better to use multiple scanf()s,
where each reads a single value

1 /* Fig. 2.5: fig02_05.c

2
Addition program */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
41
5 int main()
6 {
7
int integer1, integer2, sum;
declaration
*/
8
9
printf( "Enter first integer\n" );
prompt
*/
10
scanf(
"%d", &integer1 );
read an
integer
*/ second integer\n" );
11
printf(
"Enter
prompt
*/
12
scanf(
"%d", &integer2 );
read an
*/ + integer2;
13
suminteger
= integer1
assignment
of "Sum
sum */
14
printf(
is %d\n", sum );
print sum */
15
16
return 0; /* indicate that program
successfully */
17}
Enter first integer
45
Enter second integer
72
Sum is 117

/* Line 7 Initialize
variables
/*
Line 9 to12 Input
/*
Statement
/*
/*
Line 13 Sum
/*
/* Line 14 Output
Statement
ended

Juliana Jaafar 2011/2012

Program Output

42

Example of C Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num1;
scanf(%d,&num1 );
printf(You key in %d\n,num1);
return 0;
}

Structure of a C Program
43

Exercises

Determine and correct the errors of the

following program.

include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
width = 15
area = length * width;
printf(The area is %d,
&area);

#include <stdio.h>
#Pi 3.142
int main()
{
float circum, rad
scanf(%lf,rad);
circum = 2 * Pi * rad;
printf(The circumference is %d,
&circum);
}

Answers

Determine and correct the errors of the

following program.

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int width, area, length;
width = 15;
area = length * width;
printf(The area is %d,
area);
}

#include <stdio.h>
#define Pi 3.142
int main()
{
float circum, rad;
scanf(%lf, &rad);
circum = 2 * Pi * rad;
printf(The circumference is %d,
&circum);
}

Constants

46

Identifiers that CANNOT be changed.

Contrast to variables.
Types of constant: Integer constant,
Float constant Character constant
,String constant and Symbolic
constant
3 ways of defining a constant

Literal Constant
Defined Constant using preprocessor
Defined Constant using const

Literal Constants

47

An unnamed constant used to specify data

If the data CANNOT be changed, it can
simply code the value itself in a statement
Example :

A// a char literal

5 // a numeric literal 5
a + 5// numeric literal
3.1435 // a float literal
Hello
// a string literal

Defined Constants

48

2 ways :

Using preprocessor : #define

Example

:
#define pi 3.142

Using keyword : const

Example

const int a = 1;

Example: Constant
#include <stdio.h>
#define SALESTAX 0.05
int main()
{
const float service = 3.25;
float taxes, total, amount;

Define constant using preprocessor

Define constant using keyword const

printf("Enter the amount of purchased: ");

scanf("%f",&amount);
taxes = SALESTAX*amount*0.33;
total = amount+taxes+service;
printf("The total bill is RM%.2f", total);
}

Literal float 0.33

How to convert from Algorithm to Coding?

Write a program that inputs 2 integers n1 and n2.

Then, calculate and print the value of num12 and
num23

How to convert from Algorithm to Coding?

Analysis

Input : num1,
num2
Processes :

1.

num1_sq = num1 x
num1

2.

num2_cb = num2 x
num2 x num2

Output :
num1_sq ,
num2_cb

Algorithm
Start

Enter num1
and num2
Calculate,
num1_sq = num1 x num1
num2_cb = num2 x num2
x num2
Display
num1_sq and
num2_cb
End

How to convert from Algorithm to Coding?

#include <stdio.h>

Algorithm
Start

int main()
{
int num1, num2, num1_sq, num2_cb;

Enter num1
and num2

printf("Please enter 1st integer: ");

scanf("%d", &num1);

INPU
T

Calculate,
num1_sq = num1 x num1
num2_cb = num2 x num2
x num2
Display
num1_sq and
num2_cb

printf("Please enter 2nd integer: ");

scanf("%d", &num2);
num1_sq = num1*num1;
PROCES
num2_cb = num2*num2*num2; S

OUTPU
T

printf("n1 squared is : %d \n",

num1_sq );
printf("n2 cubed is : %d \n", num2_cb
);

End
return 0;

Part II :
Operators

Assignment Operator (=)

54

To assign the value of variable or

expression into a variable.
Example:
a = b;
A;

result = n1*n1; alphabet =

Arithmetic Operators
55

Use to manipulate numeric values and

perform arithmetic operation
Assume : int a=4, b= 5, d;

C
Operation

Arithmetic
Operator

C
Expression

Value of d after
assignment

Addition

d=a+b

Substraction

d=b-2

Multiplication

d=a*b

20

Division

d = a/2

Modulus

d = b%3

Arithmetic Operators Assignment

Operators
56

Assume :
int x = 4, y=5, z=8;
Assignment
Operator

Sample
Expression

Similar
Expression

Value of variable
after assignment

+=

x += 5

x=x+5

x=9

-=

y -= x

y=y-x

y=1

*=

x *= z

x = x*z

x=32

/=

z /=2

z = z/2

z=4

y = y%x

y=1

%=

y %=x

Arithmetic Operator Increment &

Decrement Operator
57

Operator

Called

Sample
Expression

Similar
Expression

Explanation

++

preincrement

++a

a = a +1

Increment a by 1, then use

the new value of a in
expression in which a reside

a += 1
++

postincrement

a++

a = a +1
a += 1

--

predecrement

--a

a = a -1
a -= 1

--

postdecrement

a--

a = a -1
a -= 1

Use the current value of a in

the expression which a
reside, then increment a by 1
Decrement a by 1, then use
the new value of a in
expression in which a reside
Use the current value of a in
the expression which a
reside, then decrement a by 1

Example : Increment & Decrement

Operator
58

prefix
int c=5;
printf( "%d", ++c );

postfix

int c=5;
++c;
printf( "%d", c );

Output:
6

char alphabet = 'D';

++alphabet;
printf ("\n%c", alphabet);
printf ("\n%c", ++alphabet);

Output:
E

int num = 5;
--num;
printf("%d\n",num);
printf("%d",--num);

c=5;
printf( "%d", c++ );

Output:
6

int c=5;
c++;
printf( "%d", c );

Output:

4
3

char alphabet = 'D';

alphabet++;
printf ("\n%c", alphabet);
printf ("\n%c", alphabet++);

int num = 5;
num--;
printf("%d",num--);
printf("%d",num);

Output:
5
Output:
6

Output:
E
E

Output:
4
3

Example Tracing : Increment & Decrement

Operator
Trace the output for the following snippet
int a = code:
5, z=10;
int count=3, loop;
char p ='K';

loop = count++;

++a;
a = ++z;
//p--;
++z;
printf("a=%d, z=%d, p=%c",a,z,p--);

printf("count =%d, loop=%d\n", count, loop);

Output:

loop= --count;
loop= loop--;
printf("count =%d, loop=%d\n", count, loop);
Output:

Decision Making : Relational &

Equality Operator
60

Assume :
int y=6, x=5;
Relational Operators

Sample Expression

Value

>

y>x

T (1)

<

y<2

F (0)

>=

x>=3

T (1)

<=

y<=x

F (0)

Equality Operators

Sample Expression

Value

==

x==5

T(1)

!=

y!=6

F(0)

Logical Operators
61

Logical Operators

Called

Sample Operation

&&

AND

expression1 && expression 2

||

OR

expression1 | | expression2

NOT

! expression

Example: NOT (!) operator

int x=50;
Sample
Expression

Expression

!Expression

!(x==60)

0 (False)

1 (True)

!(x!=60)

1 (True)

0 (False)

Logical Operator : AND (&&)

62

Assume:
int x=4, y = 5, z=8;
Expression1

Expression
2

Expression1
&&
Expression2

0 (False)

0 (False)

0 (False)

Sample
Expression
( y > 10) && ( z <
=x )

( z < = y) && ( x =
= 4)
( y ! = z) && ( z < x
)

Logical Operator : AND (&&)

63

Assume:
int x=4, y = 5, z=8;
Expression1

Expression
2

Expression1
&&
Expression2

( y > 10) && ( z <

=x )

0 (False)

0 (False)

0 (False)

( z < = y) && ( x =
= 4)

0 (False)

1 (True)

0 (False)

( y ! = z) && ( z < x
)

1 (True)

0 (False)

0 (False)

Sample
Expression

Logical Operator : OR (||)

64

Assume:
int x = 4, y=5, z=8;
Expression1

Expression
2

Expression1
&&
Expression2

0 (False)

0 (False)

0 (False)

Sample
Expression
( y > 10) || ( z < =x
)

( z < = y) || ( x = =
4)
( y ! = z) || ( z < x )
( z > = y ) || ( x ! =

Logical Operator : OR (||)

65

Assume:
int x = 4, y=5, z=8;
Expression1

Expression
2

Expression1
&&
Expression2

( y > 10) || ( z < =x

)

0 (False)

0 (False)

0 (False)

( z < = y) || ( x = =
4)

0 (False)

1 (True)

1 (True)

( y ! = z) || ( z < x )

1 (True)

0 (False)

1 (True)

( z > = y ) || ( x ! =

1 (True)

1 (True)

1 (True)

Sample
Expression

Operator Precedence
66

Operators

Associative

()

Left to right

++ - - + - !

Right to left

* / %

Left to right

+ -

Left to right

< <= > >=

Left to right

= = !=

Left to right

&&

Left to right

||

Left to right

= *= += - = /= %=

Right to left

Example: Logical Operator

Evaluate the following relational expression. Assume:
int i =5, k = 2, z = 4, c=6;
Expression

Equivalent Expression

Value

i + 2 == k -1

( i + 2) == (k 1)

0 or False

a + 1 == b

(a + 1) == b

1 or True

z % k != c % i

(z % b) != ( c % i)

1 or True

z%c*i

(z % c) * I

k % c * i && i % z * k

((k % c) * i) && (( i % z) * k)

c % i * z >10 || c /k *z < 5

(((c % i )* z) >10) ||( ((c /k)

*z) < 5)

20
1 or True
0 or False

68

Example : Operator
Precedence
Example 1
Example 2
int a=10, b=20, c=15, d=8;
a*b/(-c*31%13)*d

int a=15, b=6, c=5, d=4;

d *= ++b a/3 + c

1. a*b/(-15*31%13)*d

1. d *= ++b a/3+ c

2. a*b/(-15*31%13)*d

2. d*=7- a/3+c

3. a*b/(-465%13)*d

3. d*=7- 5+c

4. a*b/(-10)*d

4. d*=2 + c

5. 200/(-10)*d

5. d*= 7

6. -200*d

6. d = d*7

7. -1600

7. d = 28

Exercises

i)
ii)
iii)

Write a relational expression to express the following condition (use your own
variable name)
A persons height is less than 6 feet
A length is greater than 2 and less equal than 3 feet
A persons is older than 50 or has been employed at the company for at
least 5 years

Write a snippet code that can receive 3 input decimal numbers from user
and prints the average of the numbers.

Assign the sum of value variable marks1 , marks 2, and marks3 to variable
totalMarks

Trace the output of the program:

int mystery = 5;
mystery = 10 -2 % mystery;
++mystery;
printf(%d\n,mystery++);

Exercises (Answer)

i)
ii)

Write a relational expression to express the following condition (use

your own variable name).
A persons height is less than 6 feet > height < 6
A length is greater than 2 feet and less equal than 3 feet > (length >
2) && (length <= 3)

iii)

A persons is older than 50 years or has been employed at the

company for at least 5 years > (age > 50) || (year_employed >= 5)
Write a snippet code that receive 3 input decimal numbers from
user and prints the average of the numbers.
float no1, no2, no3, average;
printf(Enter 3 decimal numbers:);
Scanf(%f %f %f, &no1, &no2, &no3);
average = (no1 + no2 + no3) / 3;
printf(The average is %.2f, average);

Exercises (Answer)

Assign the sum of value variable marks1, marks2, and

marks3 to variable totalMarks.
totalMarks = marks1 + marks2 + marks3;

Trace the output of the program:

int mystery = 5;
mystery = 10 - 2 % mystery;
++mystery;
printf(%d\n,mystery++);

Answer is :
9