Colreg 1-10

PRESENTATION
International Regulations for Preventing

Collisions at Sea, 1972,
Yusuf ZORBA
ZMR, 2002
HISTORY OF THE COLLISION REGULATION
The new
International Regulations for Preventing
Collisions at Sea, 1972,
full meet the developments and ever increasing
demands of modern technology, industry and
maritime navigation.
In 1840 the London Trinity House

drew up a set of regulations which were enacted
in Parliament in 1846.
The first Rules for preventing collisions at sea
were introduced in 1889. Before then, maritime
traffic was chiefly regulated by the ways and
customs of the sea.
The 1889 regulations were revised in 1948 and

1960, without any major changes being made.
Fortunately, the 1972 Regulations brought an
almost complete change in the old Rules in both
the layout and the wording of the text, as well as
taking into consideration new ideas or changes in
existing ones.
GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE 1972 REGULATIONS
The new 1972 Regulations are in five parts,

which are further subdivided into thirtyeight
Rules, four Annexes and two Resolutions.
PART A GENERAL
PART B STEERING AND SAILING RULES
PART C LIGHTS AND SHAPES
PART D SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS
PART E EXEMPTIONS
ANNEX I, III TECHNICAL DETAILS
ANNEX II ADDITIONAL SIGNALS FOR FISHING VESSELS
ANNEX IV- DISTRESS SIGNALS
RESOLUTION I & II
INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 1
Application
(a) These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters
connected
therewith
navigable
by
seagoing
vessels.
COMMENT :
All vessels (Fast, slow, large, small, etc)
All waters (local waters; territorial waters, harbours, rivers, etc)

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 1
Application
(b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules
made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbors, rivers, lakes or
inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing
vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.
COMMENT :
Special rules ( in future all local regulations must conform as closely as

possible with the 1972 regulations)
Local waters (these waters must be connected with the high seas and
be navigable by seagoing vessels) Example of local regulations;
The Inland Rules (USA)
The Great Lakes Rules (USA)
The Western Rivers Rules (USA)
Het Scheepvaartreglement van de Beneden-Zeeschelde (BELGIUM)

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 1
Application
(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules
made by the Government of any State with respect to additional station or
signal lights, shapes or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding
under convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for
fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal
lights, shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they
cannot be mistaken for any light, shape or signal authorized elsewhere under
these Rules.
COMMENT:
Any Government may issue special rules for ships of war or vessels
proceding under convoy. But, not cause any confusion with lights or signals
required by the Int. Reg. for ordinary vessels. Examples are;
The identification light of a US submarine and;
The lights of Authority Vessels of the UK

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 1
Application
(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the
purpose of these Rules.
(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel
of special construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of
any of these Rules with respect to the number, position, range or arc of visibility
of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of soundsignaling appliances, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in
regard to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as
well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signaling appliances, as
her Government shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance
with these Rules in respect of that vessel.
COMMENT:
It (e) refers all vessels of special construction for special operations.
Examples of vessels;
Lash vessels; Floating drill derricks; Floating docks; Dracones; British submarines; Aircraft-carriers, etc.

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 2
Responsibility
(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or
crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules
or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary
practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.
COMMENT:
good seamanship;
Strict observance af all requirements of the International Regulations,
Take all necessary measures to avoid a collision

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 2
Responsibility
(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all
dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including
the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these
Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger
COMMENT:
b is based mainly on the following points:

Dangers to navigation and risk of collision (shallows, wreckage, etc)
Special circumstances (some reasons)
Lmitations of the vessels concerned ;
Meeting a convoy of warships
Meeting submarines
Meeting a seaplane taking off or landing, etc.

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 3
General Definitions
For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires
(a) The word "vessel" includes every description of water craft, including nondisplacement craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means
of transportation on water
COMMENT:
Vessels includes every description of water craft used or capable of

being used as a means of transportation of water. (Merchant vessels, yachts,
large or small, fast or slow vessel, seaplanes, barges, dredgers, etc)

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 3
General Definitions
(b) The term "power-driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery.
COMMENT:
The term of power driven vessel not only means any vessel propelled
by machinery but alsoany vessel capable of making immediate use of her
machinery.
A vessel is considered as a power driven vessel only when she uses

her own machinery.

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 3
General Definitions
(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that
propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.
COMMENT:
A sailing vessel is a vessel which is propelled by means of one or

several sails.
When the engine is running with disengaged propeller, which is often

the case when sailing yachts enter or leave harbour, the vessel shall still be
considered as a power-driven vessel.

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 3
General Definitions
(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets,
lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability, but does
not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which
do not restrict maneuverability.
COMMENT:
A vessel is considered as being engaged in fishing only when she is

using fishing apparatus which restricts her manoeuvrability.
Pole and line fishing vessels or yachts fishing with short lines or other
small apparatus are therefore not to be considered as vessels engaged in
fishing.

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 3
General Definitions
(e) The word "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to maneuver on the
water.
COMMENT:
In accordance with Rule 3(a), seaplanes are to be considered as

vessels. However, special provisions are made for his category of craft in Rules
18(e) and 31.

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 3
General Definitions
(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some
exceptional circumstance is unable to maneuver as required by these Rules
and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
COMMENT:
A vessel may be entirely or partially not under command.
For example;
Engine breakdown, rudder breakdown, etc.

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 3
General Definitions
(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" means a vessel which
from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to maneuver as required
by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another
vessel.
The term vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver shall include but not be
limited to
(i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark,
submarine cable or pipeline;
(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;
(iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or
cargo while underway;
(iv) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;
(v) a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations;
(vi) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the
towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.
COMMENT:

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 3
General Definitions
(h) The term "vessel constrained by her draught" means a power-driven vessel
which, because of her draught in relation to the available depth and width of
navigable water, is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course
she is following.
COMMENT:
These are mainly vessels of very large size and tonnage and often
called deep draught vessels, e.g. supertankers

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 3
General Definitions
(i) The word "underway" means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to
the shore, or aground.
COMMENT:
A vessel is considered to be underway from the moment that she has

no permanent contact with any fixed object.
A vessel underway can be in two different situations:

t can be making way through the water, or,
Not making way through the water, i.e. Stopped with regard to the water. A vessel
which has stopped, may, however, move with regard to the bottom of the sea.
In shortly, a vessel can be:

Not underway;
Underway and making way through the water;
Underway and not making way through the water.

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 3
General Definition
(j) The words "length" and "breadth" of a vessel mean her length overall and
greatest breadth.
COMMENT:
This information is found on any tonnage certificate.
Lenght overall means; the horizontal distance between the outer limit
of the front of the bow and the outer limit of the aft of the stern.
Greatest breadth means; the horizontal distance between the outer

limits of the plating.

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 3
General Definitions
(k) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be
observed visually from the other.
COMMENT:
Vessels are deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can
be observed visually from the other.
Vessels observing one another by radar only are therefore not in sight
of one another.
Vessels which hear one another through sound signals are not
considered to be in sight of one another.

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 3
General Definitions
(l) The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is
restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other
similar causes.
COMMENT:
Section III of Part B deals with the conduct of vessels in restricted

visibility.
PART B - STEERING AND SAILING RULES

SECTION I - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN ANY
CONDITION OF VISIBILITY
Rule 4
Application
Rules in this Section apply in any condition of visibility.
Rule 5
Look-out
Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out
by sight and hearing as well as by all available means
appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and
conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation
and of the risk of collision.
Rule 6
Safe Speed
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take
proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance
appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken
into account
(a) By all vessels
(i) the state of visibility;
(ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other
vessels;
(iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping
distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;
(iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from
back scatter of her own lights;
(v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
(vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water
(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:

(i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of
the radar equipment;
(ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range
scale in use;
(iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state,
weather and other sources of
(vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility
that may be possible when radar is used to
determine the range of vessels or other objects in
the vicinity.
Rule 7
Risk of Collision
(a) Every vessel shall use all available means
appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and
conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If
there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to
exist.
Rule 7
Risk of Collision
(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment
if fitted and operational, including long-range
scanning to obtain early warning of risk of
collision and radar plotting or equivalent
systematic observation of detected objects.
Rule 7
Risk of Collision
(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis
of scanty information, especially scanty radar
information.
Rule 7
Risk of Collision
(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following
considerations shall be among those taken into account:
(I) such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass
bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably
change;
(ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an
appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when
approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when
approaching a vessel at close range.
Rule 8
Action to avoid Collision
(a) Any action to avoid collision shall, if the
circumstances of the case admit, be positive,
made in ample time and with due regard to the
observance of good seamanship.
Rule 8
(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid
collision shall, if the circumstances of the case
admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to
another vessel observing visually or by radar; a
succession of small alterations of course and/or
speed should be avoided.
Rule 8
(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another
vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a
safe distance. The effectiveness of the action
shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is
finally past and clean
Rule 8
(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more
time to assess the situation, a vessel shall
slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping
or reversing her means of propulsion.
Rule 8
(f) (i) A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to
impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel shall,
when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action
to allow sufficient sea-room for the safe passage of the other
vessel.
(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage
of another vessel is not relieved of this obligation if approaching
the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when
takmg action, have full regard to the action which may be required
by the Rules of this part.
(iii) A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains
fully obliged to comply with the Rules of this part when the two
vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of
collision.
Rule 9
Narrow Channels
(a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a
narrow channel of fairway shall keep as near to
the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies
on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.
Rule 9
Narrow Channels
(b) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a
sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a
vessel which can safely navigate only within a
narrow channel or fairway.
Rule 9
Narrow Channels
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede
the passage of any other vessel navigating within
a narrow channel or fairway.
Rule 9
Narrow Channels
(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or
fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of
a vessel which can safely navigate only within
such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may
use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d) if in
doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.
Rule 9
Narrow Channels
(e) (i) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking
can take place only if the vessel to be overtaken has to
take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending
to overtake shall indicate her intention by sounding the
appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(i). The vessel
to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the
appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(ii) and take
steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt she may sound
the signals prescribed in Rule 34(d).
(ii) This Rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of
her obligation under Rule 13.
Rule 9
Narrow Channels
(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow
channel or fairway where other vessels may be
obscured by an intervening obstruction shall
navigate with particular alertness and caution and
shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in
Rule 34(e).
Rule 9
Narrow Channels
(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the
case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel.
Rule 10
Traffic Separation Schemes
(a) This Rule applies to traffic separation
schemes adopted by the Organization and does
not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any
other rule.
Rule 10
(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:
(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general
direction of traffic flow for that lane:
(ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation
line or separation zone;
(iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination
of the lane, but when joining or leaving from either side
shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction
of traffic flow as practicable.
Rule 10
(c) A vessel shall, so far as practicable, avoid
crossing traffic lanes but if obliged to do so shall
cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at
right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.
Rule 10
(d) (i) A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone
when she can safely use the appropriate traffic lane
within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However,
vessels of less than 20 metres in length, sailing vessels
and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore
traffic zone.
(ii) Notwithstanding subparagraph (d) (i), a vessel may
use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a
port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any
other place situated within the inshore traffic zone, or to
avoid immediate danger.
Rule 10
(e) A vessel other than a crossing vessel or a
vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally
enter a separation zone or cross a separation line
except:
(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate
danger;
(ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone.
Rule 10
(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the
terminations of traffic separation schemes shall
do so with particular caution.
Rule 10
(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid
anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in
areas near its terminations.
Rule 10
(h) A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme
shall avoid it by as wide a margin as is
practicable.
Rule 10
(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede
the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane.
Rule 10
(j) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a
sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage
of a power-driven vessel following a traffic lane.
Rule 10
(k) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre
when engaged in an operation for the
maintenance of safety of navigation in a traffic
separation scheme is exempted from complying
with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out
the operation.
Rule 10
(I) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre
when engaged in an operation for the laying,
servicing or picking up a submarine cable, within
a traffic separation scheme, is exempted from
complying with this Rule to the

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PRESENTATION

International Regulations for Preventing

HISTORY OF THE COLLISION REGULATION

HISTORY OF THE COLLISION REGULATION

In 1840 the London Trinity House

HISTORY OF THE COLLISION REGULATION

The 1889 regulations were revised in 1948 and

GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE 1972 REGULATIONS

The new 1972 Regulations are in five parts,

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

All vessels (Fast, slow, large, small, etc)

All waters (local waters; territorial waters, harbours, rivers, etc)

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

Special rules ( in future all local regulations must conform as closely as

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

It (e) refers all vessels of special construction for special operations.

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

b is based mainly on the following points:

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

Vessels includes every description of water craft used or capable of

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

A vessel is considered as a power driven vessel only when she uses

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

A sailing vessel is a vessel which is propelled by means of one or

When the engine is running with disengaged propeller, which is often

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

A vessel is considered as being engaged in fishing only when she is

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

In accordance with Rule 3(a), seaplanes are to be considered as

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

A vessel may be entirely or partially not under command.

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

A vessel is considered to be underway from the moment that she has

A vessel underway can be in two different situations:

In shortly, a vessel can be:

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

This information is found on any tonnage certificate.

Greatest breadth means; the horizontal distance between the outer

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

Section III of Part B deals with the conduct of vessels in restricted

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

PART B - STEERING AND SAILING RULES

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972