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Introduction To Hydrology

This document provides an overview of Dr. John Williams' background and research interests in water and environmental engineering, with a focus on water resources. It introduces some of the key concepts taught in his lectures, including the hydrologic cycle, methods for measuring rainfall and river flow, and how development can impact runoff through traditional drainage approaches versus more sustainable techniques like SUDS.

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Anns tom
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133 views51 pages

Introduction To Hydrology

This document provides an overview of Dr. John Williams' background and research interests in water and environmental engineering, with a focus on water resources. It introduces some of the key concepts taught in his lectures, including the hydrologic cycle, methods for measuring rainfall and river flow, and how development can impact runoff through traditional drainage approaches versus more sustainable techniques like SUDS.

Uploaded by

Anns tom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Water and Environmental

Engineering:
Water Resources

Dr John Williams
PO2.62
X2404

Personal Introduction

1988 - 1993: PhD Student Dept of Civil


Engineering, Portsmouth
Polytechnic/University
Post Doc 1993 -1996
Lecturer/ Senior Lecturer / Principal
Lecturer
Reader in Environmental Technology
BSc, PhD, MCIWEM, CWEM, CEnv, FHEA
Research:

waste water treatment


reed beds,
sustainable drainage,
pharmacuticals in waste water and sludges,
sustainability appraisal

SCES Research Cordinator


17 PhD Completions

JBW Lectures and Tutorials


1: Introduction to Hydrology
2: Water Quality
3: Water and Wastewater Treatment

Water Engineering

Quantity
Water Supply
Flood Control
Bridge Design
Navigation/Ports

Quality
Pollution Control
Drinking Water
Wastewater Treatment

Dilution
Abstraction
Runoff

Lecture

Consider Hydrologic Cycle


Fate of Rain
Runoff
River flow

Hydrologic Cycle

Reservoir

% of
total

Exchange Rate
(y)

Oceans

97.09

3000

Icecaps and glaciers

1.99

8000

Groundwater

0.62

5000

Atmosphere

0.29

0.027

Lakes/inland seas

0.015

Soil moisture

0.004

Rivers

0.0001

0.031

Condensation/Thunderstorm

Cool Air

Precipiation
Air is heated and rises

Ground

Convective

Wetter on Windward
Wind
Cool Air
Condensation
Drier on Leeward
Precipiation

Warm Air

Mountain

Orthographic

Condensation/Thunderstorm
Cold Front

Precipiation
Warm Air forced to
Rise Abruptly

Cold Air
Ground
Heavy Short Precipitation
Warm Front

Precipiation

Warm Air Rises

Cyclonic

Cold Air
Ground
Light Long Precipitation

12.7cm

8 day chart

30.5cm

Balance

Weighing Gauge
8 day chart

Float
UK Standard Gauge

Float Gauge

Areal Analysis
Number of gauges
needed related to
variability
Small mountanous islands
(25km2)
Plains/deserts (15,000
100,000 km2)
UK 60km2

Total volume of rain fallen


Depth x area
Mean
Weighted Mean
Thiessen Polygons
Isohyetal

Gauges

Polygon for Gauge A

Fate of Rain
Surface Pool
Evaporate
Infiltrate across soil
surface
Soil Moisture
Groundwater

Runoff
Development can
affect balance

fo

fc
t

f = fc + (fo -fc)e -kt


f = infiltration rate (mm/h)
fc = final infiltration rate
fo = initial rate
k = empirical constant
t = time (h)

Plan View of Channel

Width, b

Velocity Distribution
Across Channel

River Flow
Vertical Section

Depth, y

Mean Flow at 0.6y

Velocity Distribution with Depth

e.g. Mean Area Method


bi-1

yi-1

River

bi

yi

= flow measurement

Strip

( vi 1 vi ) ( y yi )
Q
( bi bi 1)
i 1
2
2
n

i 1

Vertical Section

Depth, y2
Depth, y

For any given flow the energy of the river is a component of the depth and the velocity.
This energy can change depending on the nature of the flow.
There is however a depth at which the kinetic and gravitational energy are at a minimum;
this depth is known as the critical depth.
The energy of a river is represented by the dimensionless Froude number, defined as:

If;
Fr
Fr
Fr
v1

<1
=1
>1

y1

Flow is slow and tranquil; Sub-critical


Energy is at a minimum; Critical
Flow is fast or shooting; Super-critical

vc
yc

v2
y2

Critical Flow

Types of Flumes and Weirs

Flumes: narrowing of channel


causes critical conditions;
good for small streams and
sediment,
Q = K b H 3/2
b=throat width, K=coefficient

Sharp Crested Weir: good for


clean water in small streams or
narrow man made channels
Rectangular V notch
Q = K b H3/2 Q= K tan(/2) H5/2
= angle of notch (usually 45 or
90 deg)

Broad Crested critical


conditions over weir surface,
easy to construct
Q = K b H3/2
Crump (1952) Triangular profile;
1:2 upstream 1:5 downstream.
Similar flow pattern over range
of discharges. Controlled jump,
high modular range. 21% of UK
weirs
Flat V Modification of crump to
give more accurate measure of
low flow and allow sediment to
pass, 1:2 side slopes. 13% of
UK

Hut

8 day chart recorder

Float

Stilling Well

RIVER
Conduit

H (m)

Q (m3/s)

Rating Curve

EA Gauging Network and Data

Hydrographs
Plots of discharge against time
Reveal the nature of the river
Flashy
Reliable
Q

Storm Hydrographs
Effective Rain
i, mm/hr
t
LAG
Q m3/s

Rising Limb

Runoff
Recession Curve

Baseflow (ground water)

t
Hydrograph of i (mm/h) effective rain over time (t)

Base Flow Separation by Log plot of Curve of Recession

Time Unit Hydrograph


Special hydrograph proposed in 1932 by
Sherman
1 Unit of effective rain falling over 1 Unit of
time
Can be used as a model for stream flow
from all rainfall events
Derived from historical records

1
1

1
1

continious rain
S-CURVE

Traditional Urban Water Engineering


Culverts, Channels,
Combined Sewers,
Storm Sewers
Get flood water as
quickly as possible to
a river !
Hidden - Controlled
Separation of people
from aquatic
environment.
Salmon Brook !

Hydrographs

(Butler & Davis, 2004)

Separate Sewers

(Butler & Davis, 2004)

Problems
Flooding increased runoff
quantity and speed risks to
property and life
Pollution runoff from roads and
streets metals, hydrocarbons,
organics + CSOs (e.g. Eastney)
Ecological damage - simplified
habitats and physical damage to
marginal aquatic areas
Reduced amenity less
pleasant urban environments.

Sustainable Drainage
Now required by planning:
Planning Policy Statement 25 for
England on Development and Flooding
Building Regulations: Approved
Document H - Drainage and Waste
Disposal

Design Guidance Available


CIRIA: The SUDS manual (C697)

47

Waterlooville MDA - Newlands

Runoff Event 22/1/10

video

Road Runoff

After Swale

Pond Outflow

River

Tutorial 1: Water Resources


TUH Hydrograph Calculation
Tutorial

Explain how weirs measure flow in rivers (300


words).
Watch Designs that Hold Water Parts 1,2 and
3 on You Tube.
In less than 400 words explain how development can affect
runoff, the problems with traditional drainage and the
advantages of SUDS.

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