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TCL

This document provides an overview of the Tcl/Tk programming environment. It discusses that Tcl/Tk allows programming using a scripting language (Tcl) and widget toolkit (Tk). It explains that Tcl/Tk can be installed on most operating systems and includes documentation. The document then covers Tcl language basics like variables, commands, expressions, control structures, and procedures. It also discusses Tk widgets and how simple programs can be created with widgets.

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Basil Aliass
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203 views24 pages

TCL

This document provides an overview of the Tcl/Tk programming environment. It discusses that Tcl/Tk allows programming using a scripting language (Tcl) and widget toolkit (Tk). It explains that Tcl/Tk can be installed on most operating systems and includes documentation. The document then covers Tcl language basics like variables, commands, expressions, control structures, and procedures. It also discusses Tk widgets and how simple programs can be created with widgets.

Uploaded by

Basil Aliass
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Using Tcl/Tk

These slides are based upon

several Tcl/Tk text books

material byDr. Ernest J. Friedman-Hill

What youll need

PCs in the Computer Science Lab have it installed


Start / Tcl / Wish
Start / Widget tour

Or install it on your own computer


Windows & Macintosh: free binaries available
Most Unix: source available

Documentation
books can be bought (bookstore, etc)
books in the PC lab

up-to-date man pages on-line


Start / Help

What is Tcl/Tk?

Tcl
a scripting language
can be extended in C (but this is harder)
ugly but simple

Tk
a simple but powerful widget set
Hello World: a complete program that exits when a person
presses the button

grid [ button .myButton -text "Hello World" -command exit ]

Simple things are simple, hard things are possible

Tcl Language Programming


There are two parts to learning Tcl:
1. Syntax and substitution rules:
Substitutions simple (?), but may be confusing at first.
2. Built-in commands:
Can learn individually as needed.
Control structures are commands, not language syntax.

Scripts and Commands

Tcl script =
Sequence of commands.
Commands separated by newlines, semi-colons.

Tcl command =
One or more words separated by white space.
First word is command name, others are arguments.
Returns string result.

Examples:
set

myName Saul

puts "My Name is $myName


set class CPSC-481; puts -nonewline $class

Arguments

Parser assigns no meaning to arguments (quoting by


default, evaluation is special):
setx4
setyx+10
setz$x+10

x is "4 "
y is "x+10
z is "4+10

Different commands assign different meanings to their


arguments. Type-checking must be done by commands
themselves.
expr24/3

arg is math expresson -> 8


eval"seta122"
evaluate argument as a command
button.btextHellofgredsome args are options (the -)
stringlengthAbracadabra
some args are qualifiers (length)

Variable Substitution

Syntax: $varName

Variable name is letters, digits, underscores.


This is a little white lie, actually.

May occur anywhere in a word.


Sample command

Result

setb66
setab
seta$b
seta$b+$b+$b
seta$b.3
seta$b4

66
b
66
66+66+66
66.3
no such variable

Command Substitution

Syntax: [script]

Evaluate script, substitute result.

May occur anywhere within a word.


Sample command

Result

setb8
seta[expr$b+2]
seta"b3is[expr$b3]"

8
10
b3is5

Controlling Word Structure

Words break at white space and semi-colons, except:


Double-quotes prevent breaks:
seta4;sety5
seta"xis$x;yis$y"
-> xis4;yis5
Curly braces prevent breaks and substitutions:
seta{[expr$b*$c]}
>[expr $b*$c]
Backslashes quote special characters:
setaword\with\\$\and\space
->word with $ and space

Controlling Word Structure


(continued)
Backslashes can escape newline (continuation)
set aLongVariableNameIsUnusual \
This is a string
-> This is a string

Substitutions don't change word structure:


set a "two words"
set b $a
-> two words

Comments

The # is the comment command

Tcl parsing rules apply to comments as well


seta22;setb33<OK
#thisisacomment<OK
seta22#samething?<Wrong!
seta22;#samething<OK

Summary of Tcl Command Syntax

Command: words separated by whitespace

First word is a function, others are arguments

Only functions apply meanings to arguments

Single-pass tokenizing and substitution

$ causes variable interpolation

[ ] causes command interpolation

prevents word breaks

{ } prevents all interpolation

\ escapes special characters

TCL HAS NO GRAMMAR!

Tcl Expressions

Arguments are interpretted as expressions in some


commands: expr, if, ...
Sample command
Result
set b 5
5
expr ($b*4) - 3
17
expr $b <= 2
0
expr {$b * cos(4)}
-3.268
Some Tcl operators work on strings too
(but safer to use the string compare command)
set a Bill
Bill
expr {$a < "Anne"}
0
expr {$a < "Fred"}
1

Tcl Arrays

Tcl arrays are 'associative arrays': index is any string


set foo(fred) 44
set foo(2) [expr $foo(fred) + 6]
array names foo

;# 44
;# 50
;# fred 2

You can 'fake' 2-D arrays:


set A(1,1) 10
set A(1,2) 11
array names A
=>

1,1 1,2

(commas included in names!)

Lists

Zero or more elements separated by white space:


set colors {red green blue}

Braces and backslashes for grouping:


set hierarchy {a b {c d e} f})
set two_item_list {one two\ two}

List-related commands:
concat
lindex
foreach
linsert
lappend
list

llength
lrange
lreplace

lsearch
lsort

Note: all indices start with 0. end means last element

Examples:
lindex {a b {c d e} f} 2
c d e
lsort {red green blue} blue green red

String Manipulation

String manipulation commands:


regexp format

split

string

regsub scan join

string subcommands
compare first
match

range

trimleft

last
toupper

index

length

tolower

trim

trimright

Note: all indexes start with 0. end means last char


string tolower "THIS"
string trimleft XXXXHello
string index abcde 2

;# this
;# Hello
;# c

Control Structures

C-like in appearance.

Just commands that take Tcl scripts as arguments.

Commands:
if
foreach

for
while

switch
eval

break
continue

if else
set x 2
if {$x < 3} {
puts "x is less than 3"
} else {
puts "x is 3 or more"
}

while
#list
set a
set b
set i
while

reversal
{a b c d e}
"
[expr [llength $a] - 1]
{$i >= 0} {
lappend b [lindex $a $i]
incr i -1

}
puts $b

for and foreach


for {set i 0} {$i<10} {incr i} {
puts $I
}
foreach color {red green blue} {
puts I like $color
}
set A(1) a; set A(2) b; set A(26) z
foreach index [array names A] {
puts $A($index)
}

switch
set pete_count

set bob_count

set other_count 0
foreach name {Peter Peteee Bobus Me Bobor Bob} {
switch -regexp $name {
^Pete* {incr pete_count}
^Bob|^Robert {incr bob_count}
default {incr other_count}
}
}
puts "$pete_count $bob_count $other_count"

Procedures

proc command defines a procedure:


proc decrement {x} {
expr $x-1
name
body
}
list of argument names

Procedures behave just like built-in commands:


decrement 3 2

Arguments can have default values:


proc decrement {x {y 1}} {
expr $x-$y
}
decrement 100 5
;# 95
decrement 100
;# 99

Procedures

Procedures can have a variable number of arguments


proc sum args {
set s 0
foreach i $args {
incr s $i
}
return $s
}
sum 1 2 3 4 5
15
sum
0

Procedures and Scope

Scoping: local and global variables.


Interpreter knows variables by their name and scope
Each procedure introduces a new scope

global procedure makes a global variable local


set outside "I'm outside"
set inside

"I'm really outside"

proc whereAmI {inside} {


global outside
puts $outside
puts $inside
}
whereAmI "I wonder where I will be"
-> I'm outside
I wonder where I will be

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