Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 3K views

    Ray Diagram

    Uploaded by

    arkitorture
    Ray diagrams can be used to analyze sound distribution in rooms by showing the reflection paths of sound waves off surfaces, similar to the reflection of light. A ray diagram treats sound waves as traveling in straight lines and reflecting off surfaces at the same angle they hit, like billiard balls. Architects can use small mirrors and models with ray diagrams to visualize how room shape affects sound distribution during the design process. Ray diagrams are best for analyzing the first reflection of sound and when surface dimensions are large compared to the sound wavelength. They provide a general guide for evaluating listening conditions based on differences between direct and reflected sound paths.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Ray Diagram

    Uploaded by

    arkitorture
    3K views27 pages
    Ray diagrams can be used to analyze sound distribution in rooms by showing the reflection paths of sound waves off surfaces, similar to the reflection of light. A ray diagram treats sound waves as traveling in straight lines and reflecting off surfaces at the same angle they hit, like billiard balls. Architects can use small mirrors and models with ray diagrams to visualize how room shape affects sound distribution during the design process. Ray diagrams are best for analyzing the first reflection of sound and when surface dimensions are large compared to the sound wavelength. They provide a general guide for evaluating listening conditions based on differences between direct and reflected sound paths.

    Original Description:

    Ray Diagram

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Ray diagrams can be used to analyze sound distribution in rooms by showing the reflection paths of sound waves off surfaces, similar to the reflection of light. A ray diagram treats sound waves as traveling in straight lines and reflecting off surfaces at the same angle they hit, like billiard balls. Architects can use small mirrors and models with ray diagrams to visualize how room shape affects sound distribution during the design process. Ray diagrams are best for analyzing the first reflection of sound and when surface dimensions are large compared to the sound wavelength. They provide a general guide for evaluating listening conditions based on differences between direct and reflected sound paths.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    3K views27 pages

    Ray Diagram

    Uploaded by

    arkitorture
    Ray diagrams can be used to analyze sound distribution in rooms by showing the reflection paths of sound waves off surfaces, similar to the reflection of light. A ray diagram treats sound waves as traveling in straight lines and reflecting off surfaces at the same angle they hit, like billiard balls. Architects can use small mirrors and models with ray diagrams to visualize how room shape affects sound distribution during the design process. Ray diagrams are best for analyzing the first reflection of sound and when surface dimensions are large compared to the sound wavelength. They provide a general guide for evaluating listening conditions based on differences between direct and reflected sound paths.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 27
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    Ray diagrams can be used to analyze how room shape affects sound distribution and identify surfaces that may cause echoes by modeling the reflection of sound waves off surfaces. Characteristics like room dimensions, source position, and surface materials must be considered.

    Ray diagrams model sound waves reflecting off surfaces in the same way as light, allowing the effects of room shape on sound distribution to be observed. They can help identify surfaces that may produce echoes during the architectural design process.

    Ray diagrams only accurately model sound reflection when surface dimensions are large compared to the sound wavelength. They also cannot fully evaluate how sound is diffused by room surfaces. Therefore, scale models are often used to allow frequency-scaled acoustic studies.

    RAY

    DIAGRAM

    RAY DIAGRAM

    Ray-diagram analyses can be used to study the effect of


    room shape on the distribution of sound and to identify
    surfaces which may produce echoes.
    A ray diagram is an acoustical analogy to the specular
    reflection of light where the angle of incidence angleiof an
    impinging sound wave equals the angle of reflection
    angler, with angles measured from the perpendicular to
    the surface. That is, sound waves are reflected from
    surfaces in the same way a billiard ball, without spin,
    rebounds from a cushion.
    Because of this, small mirrors or silvered paper can be used
    with architectural drawings (or small-scale models) in a
    darkened room to reflect light from a point source. The
    patterns of reflected light demonstrate, during the design
    process, the effect of room shape on the distribution of
    sound.

    Billiard Table; Mirror

    Some
    limitations
    ray-diagram
    studies
    are
    1. Sound
    reflects in theof
    manner
    indicated by
    ray
    as
    follows:
    diagrams
    only when surface dimensions are large
    relative to the wavelength X of sound being evaluated
    (>4X).
    2. Normally, the source of speech or music will not
    radiate from a fixed position. Optimum room shape
    therefore depends on a careful balance of the best sound
    distribution from several source positions to the listening
    area.
    3. A detailed evaluation of diffusion of sound by room
    surfaces is not possible with ray diagrams. Therefore,
    scale models which allow frequency-scaled acoustical
    studies are often used in design, particularly in rooms
    where music perception is important (cf., V. 0. Knudsen,
    Model Testing of Auditoriums, Journal of the Acoustical
    Society of America, February 1970, pp. 401-407).

    In spite of these limitations, ray diagrams can be an


    important design tool in establishing optimum room shape.
    The table below is a design guide that can be used with
    ray-diagram analyses to evaluate general listening
    conditions. The difference in length between the reflected
    sound path and the direct sound path at any listening
    position is directly related to the time difference which the
    ear detects, For example, if a reflected sound wave is heard
    1 / 17 s or later after it was first heard as a direct sound,
    the reflected sound wave can be perceived as a discrete
    echo. A familiar example of this situation would be the
    echoes from cliffs in mountain regions, where reflected
    sounds are heard as distinct repetitions of the direct (or
    original) sound. The sound path difference in feet from a
    sound delayed by 1/17 s (about 0.06 s) can be found as
    follows:
    Distance = velocity X time = 1130 X 0.06 = 68ft

    Sound Path
    Difference (ft)

    Time Delay Gap


    (ms)

    Listening Conditions

    < 23

    < 20

    23 to 34

    20 to 30

    Excellent for speech and


    music

    34 to 50

    30 to 45

    50 to 68

    45 to 60

    > 68

    > 60

    Good for speech, fair for


    music
    Marginal (blurred)
    Unsatisfactory
    Poor (echo if strong
    enough)

    References
    L. L. Beranek and T. J. Schultz, Some Recent Experiences in the Design and Testing of
    Concert Halls with Suspended Panel Arrays, Acustica, vol. 15, 1965.
    V. O. Knudsen, Architectural Acoustics, Scientific American, November 1963,
    R. L. McKay, Notes on Architectural Acoustics, Stipes Publishing, Champaign, III., 1964.

    RAY-DIAGRAM GRAPHICS
    An inexpensive protractor to measure angles, a pencil,
    scale, and paper are all the equipment required for raydiagram calculations. Shown below is an auditorium
    section with sound path differences calculated to front and
    middle- rear audience locations from a typical source
    location.
    Path difference = reflected path - direct path

    Example RayDiagram
    Measurements
    (Distances are shown
    in parentheses on
    the drawing)
    Front location no. 1:
    Path difference = (11
    + 18) - (12) = 17 ft
    Excellent for speech
    and music because
    path difference is less
    than 23 ft.
    Middle location no. 2:
    Path difference = (16
    + 26) - (33) = 9 ft
    Excellent for speech
    and music because
    path difference is less
    than 23 ft.

    RAY
    DIAGRAM

    RAY DIAGRAM
    Ray-diagram analyses can be used to study the effect of
    room shape on the distribution of sound and to identify
    surfaces which may produce echoes.
    A ray diagram is an acoustical analogy to the specular
    reflection of light where the angle of incidence angleiof an
    impinging sound wave equals the angle of reflection
    angler, with angles measured from the perpendicular to
    the surface. That is, sound waves are reflected from
    surfaces in the same way a billiard ball, without spin,
    rebounds from a cushion.
    Because of this, small mirrors or silvered paper can be
    used with architectural drawings (or small-scale models) in
    a darkened room to reflect light from a point source. The
    patterns of reflected light demonstrate, during the design
    process, the effect of room shape on the distribution of
    sound.

    RAY DIAGRAM
    -is a procedure for analyzing affected sound distribution
    throughout a hall, hearing the first reflection only.

    voice

    y
    Sound ra

    Sets on steep slope provide good sight line and minimum


    sound attenuation

    FLAT CEILING
    Useful Reflector

    In figure (a.)
    The stage height and seating slope are arranged to provide
    good sight line, and the ceiling height is unstablished by
    reverberation requirements, aesthetics, cost, etc. it can be
    seen that less than half of the ceiling is providing useful
    reflection by dividing the ceiling into two panel.

    Use

    f ul R
    efle
    ctor

    TWO PANEL CEILING INCREASES USEFUL REFLECTING


    AREA
    Figure(b.)
    People in the rear of the room percieve direct source
    plus two images sources, and the all reflecting area is
    increased by 50%.

    MULTIFACETED CEILING INCOTPORATES LIGHTS & LOUD


    SPEAKER
    Figure (c.)
    The shape has been further refined to include a lighting slot
    and loudspeaker grille

    Flutter is perceived as a buzzing or clicking sound and it is


    comprised of repeated echoes traversing back and forth
    between two non-absorbing parallel (flat or concave)
    surfaces. Flutters often occur between shallow domes and
    hard , flat doors. The remedy for a flutter is either to
    change the shape of the reflectors, their parallel
    relationships, or add absorption. The solution chosen will
    depend on reverberation requirements, cost, or aesthetics.

    FOCUSING
    Concave domes, vaults, or walls will focus reflected
    sound into certain areas of rooms. This has several
    disadvantages. For example, it will deprive some
    listeners of useful sound reflection and cause hot
    spots at other audience positions.

    DIFFUSION

    Specular angle - angle of incidence is equal


    to the angle of reflection

    This is the converse of focusing and occurs primarily when


    sound is reflected from convex surfaces.
    In a diffused sound field the sound level remains relatively
    constant throughout the space and as such is extremely
    desirable for musical performances.

    CREEP
    This describes the reflection of sound along a curved
    surface from a source near the surface. Although the
    sound can be heard at points along the surface, it is
    inaudible away from the surface.

    STANDING WAVES
    Standing waves and flutters are very similar in
    principle and cause, but are heard quite indifferently.
    When an impulse (such as a hand) is the energy
    source, a flutter will occur but only when the parallel
    walls are spaced apart at so

    LAWS OF REFLECTION

    SHAPE OF level
    PLANE

    convex

    concave

    SECONDAR reflected
    Y SOUND
    RAY

    dispersed

    focused

    DIVERGEN
    CE

    unchanged greater

    smaller

    Gh

    CONCAVE CEILING IS ACOUSTICALLY BAD

    Gh

    BROKEN CEILING SURFACE PRODUCE EVEN


    SOUND DISTRIBUTION

    Gh

    ARRANGEMENT OF SEATING WHICH ENSURES


    UNOBSTRUCTED PATHS FOR DIRECT SOUND. STEP
    HEIGHT D 8 cm CONSTANT

    Gh

    PLAN AND SECTION OF CONCERT HALL (SALLE


    PLAYEL, PARIS, 1927)

    DIRECTIVITY CONTOURS FOR


    SPEECH
    The polar coordinate graph
    below plots contours of sound
    levels for speech. The shapes
    of the contours show the
    directional characteristics of
    speech at low frequencies
    (<= 500 Hz to represent
    vowels, which contribute to
    the tone of an individuals
    speech)
    and
    at
    high
    frequencies (=> 4000 Hz to
    re present consonants, which
    strongly
    influence
    intelligibility of sibilants). 00
    is the direction the speaker is
    facing, 180 the direction
    behind the speaker.

    Speech Contours (500 and


    4000 Hz); Auditorium Plan
    with Speech Contour Overlay

    t
    Sound levels at low frequencies are diminished very
    little at the sides (90 orientation) and moderately at
    the rear (8 dB lower). However, sound levels at high
    frequencies are diminished by about 6 dB at the
    sides and 20 dB (about one- fourth as loud) at the
    rear. When speakers turn their backs to the
    audience, consonants can become completely
    inaudible!

    AUDIENCE SEATING
    Sound level outdoors falls off with
    distance (as sound spreads outward it
    loses energy according to the inversesquare law) and from audience
    attenuation (as sound grazes the
    seated audience it is scattered and
    absorbed). When steeply sloped seating
    is used, the sound level outdoors falls
    off primarily with distance. An overhead
    sound-reflecting panel or ceiling, as
    shown by the illustration below, can
    provide reflected sound to rein: force
    the direct sound. For example, installing
    a hard, sound-reflecting enclosure
    outdoors near the sound source can
    greatly improve listening conditions by
    reflecting sound energy toward the
    audience and by shielding the audience
    from noise sources located behind the

    You might also like