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Instructor: Lichuan Gui: Measurements in Fluid Mechanics

This document discusses the dynamic response of measurement systems. It begins by introducing models of dynamic response, including linear and nonlinear differential equations. Simple dynamic responses are approximated by single differential equations with constant coefficients. Zero-order, first-order, and second-order systems are described as examples. The document then examines the step, impulse, ramp, and frequency responses of first-order and second-order systems. Higher-order and nonlinear systems are also discussed. The document concludes by addressing issues like flow distortion, loading effects, and cross-talk in measurement systems. Homework is assigned involving reading the textbook and answering problems.

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72 views15 pages

Instructor: Lichuan Gui: Measurements in Fluid Mechanics

This document discusses the dynamic response of measurement systems. It begins by introducing models of dynamic response, including linear and nonlinear differential equations. Simple dynamic responses are approximated by single differential equations with constant coefficients. Zero-order, first-order, and second-order systems are described as examples. The document then examines the step, impulse, ramp, and frequency responses of first-order and second-order systems. Higher-order and nonlinear systems are also discussed. The document concludes by addressing issues like flow distortion, loading effects, and cross-talk in measurement systems. Homework is assigned involving reading the textbook and answering problems.

Uploaded by

hmxa91
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measurements in Fluid Mechanics

058:180 (ME:5180)
Time & Location: 2:30P - 3:20P MWF 3315 SC
Office Hours:

4:00P 5:00P MWF 223B-5 HL

Instructor: Lichuan Gui


[email protected]
Phone: 319-384-0594 (Lab), 319-400-5985 (Cell)
http://lcgui.net

Lecture 5. Dynamic response of measuring systems

odels of dynamic response


Dynamic measuring system - at least one of inputs is time dependent
Description of dynamic response - differential equation that contains time derivatives.
- Linear dynamic response: linear differential equation
- Non-linear dynamic response: non-linear differential equation

Simple dynamic response


- approximated by single, linear, ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients

x input

y output

t time

constant coefficients: ai , i=1,2,,n ; bj , j=1,2,,m

Zero-order systems
K static sensitivity
- time independent
- example of zero-order systems: electric resistor

odels of dynamic response


First-order systems
K static sensitivity

time constant
- example of first-order systems: thermometer

Second-order systems

K static sensitivity
damping ratio
n undamped natural frequency
=0: undamped second-order system
0<<1: underdamped second-order system
=1: critically damped second-order system
>1: overdamped second-order system
Damped natural frequency (for 0<<1):
- example of second-order systems: liquid manometer

Type of input
Unit-step (or Heaviside) function

- A relative fast change of the input from


one constant level to another.
Unit-impulse (or Diracs delta) function

for continuous function f(x):

- A sudden, impulsive application of different


value of input, lasting only briefly before it
returns to the original level

Type of input
Unit-slope ramp function

- A gradual change of the input, starting from


a constant level persisting monotonically.

Periodic function
- Function f(t)
with period T
so that f(t)=f(t+nT)

- Can be decomposed in Fourier series

namic response of first-order system


K static sensitivity

time constant

Step response

Assume y(t)/K is the measurement of x(t),


measurement error:

t/

x/A

37%

13.5%

5%

1.8%

namic response of first-order system


time constant

K static sensitivity
Impulse response

t/

-x/A

37%

13.5%

5%

1.8%

Ramp response

t/

-(x/A)

37%

13.5%

5%

1.8%

namic response of first-order system


K static sensitivity
Frequency response

time constant

As , B/A 0, and -/2. Thus a first-order system acts like a low-pass filter.
9

namic response of second-order system


n undamped natural frequency

damping ratio

Step response

- Damping ratio determines response


- Critically damped & overdamped system output
increases monotonically towards static level
i.e. high n expected for desired output
- output of underdamped system oscillates about
the static level with diminishing amplitude.
i.e. high n expected for desired output
- Lightly damped system (<<1) are subjected to
large-amplitude oscillation that persist over a
long time and obscure a measurement.
i.e. should be avoided

10

namic response of second-order system


n undamped natural frequency

damping ratio

Impulse response
- undamped system with large-amplitude oscillation
- underdamped system oscillates with diminishing amplitude.

- Critically damped & overdamped system output


increases monotonically towards static level

Ramp response

11

namic response of second-order system


n undamped natural frequency
Frequency response

damping ratio

- Critically damped & overdamped systems act


like low-pass filters and have diminishing
output amplitudes
- Undamped systems have infinite output amplitude
when =n
- Underdamped systems with
present a peak at resonant frequency.

- Underdamped systems with


have no resonant peak

12

amic response of higher-order and non-linear system


Dynamic analysis by use of Laplace transform
- Laplace transform of time-dependent property f(t) :

- Inverse Laplace transform:

- Differentiation property of Laplace transform:

Experimental determination of dynamic response


Direct dynamic calibration suggested when measuring system exposed to time-dependent inputs
- square-wave test: input switched periodically from one level to another
- frequency test: sinusoidal input of constant amplitude and varying frequency

13

stortion, loading and cross-talk


Flow distortion
- caused by instrument inserted in flow
Loading of measuring system
- measuring component extracts significant power from flow
Instrument cross-talk
- output of one measuring component acts as undesired input to the other

14

Homework
- Read textbook 2.3-2.4 on page 31-41
- Questions and Problems: 10 on page 43

- Due on 09/05

15

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