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    Measuring Enthalpy Change

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    dhruvini
    Enthalpy is a measure of the heat content of a substance at constant pressure. You cannot directly measure the enthalpy of a substance, but you can measure the enthalpy change during a reaction. The enthalpy change, ΔH, is equal to the enthalpy of the products minus the enthalpy of the reactants. Reactions can be exothermic, where energy is released, or endothermic, where energy is absorbed. Calorimetry experiments allow measurement of enthalpy changes by determining the temperature change of a reaction mixture.

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    Measuring Enthalpy Change

    Uploaded by

    dhruvini
    186 views20 pages
    Enthalpy is a measure of the heat content of a substance at constant pressure. You cannot directly measure the enthalpy of a substance, but you can measure the enthalpy change during a reaction. The enthalpy change, ΔH, is equal to the enthalpy of the products minus the enthalpy of the reactants. Reactions can be exothermic, where energy is released, or endothermic, where energy is absorbed. Calorimetry experiments allow measurement of enthalpy changes by determining the temperature change of a reaction mixture.

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    Enthalpy is a measure of the heat content of a substance at constant pressure. You cannot directly measure the enthalpy of a substance, but you can measure the enthalpy change during a reaction. The enthalpy change, ΔH, is equal to the enthalpy of the products minus the enthalpy of the reactants. Reactions can be exothermic, where energy is released, or endothermic, where energy is absorbed. Calorimetry experiments allow measurement of enthalpy changes by determining the temperature change of a reaction mixture.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    186 views20 pages

    Measuring Enthalpy Change

    Uploaded by

    dhruvini
    Enthalpy is a measure of the heat content of a substance at constant pressure. You cannot directly measure the enthalpy of a substance, but you can measure the enthalpy change during a reaction. The enthalpy change, ΔH, is equal to the enthalpy of the products minus the enthalpy of the reactants. Reactions can be exothermic, where energy is released, or endothermic, where energy is absorbed. Calorimetry experiments allow measurement of enthalpy changes by determining the temperature change of a reaction mixture.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    ENTHALPY CHANGES

    Before you start it would be helpful to


    be able to balance equations
    be confident with simple arithmetical operations

    THERMODYNAMICS
    First Law

    Energy
    changes

    Examples

    Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but


    It can be converted from one form to another

    all chemical reactions are accompanied by some form of energy change


    changes can be very obvious (e.g. coal burning) but can go unnoticed
    Exothermic

    Energy is given out

    Endothermic

    Energy is absorbed

    Exothermic

    combustion of fuels
    respiration (oxidation of carbohydrates)

    Endothermic

    photosynthesis
    thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

    THERMODYNAMICS - ENTHALPY CHANGES


    Enthalpy

    a measure of the heat content of a substance at constant pressure


    you cannot measure the actual enthalpy of a substance
    you can measure an enthalpy CHANGE
    written as the symbol , delta H
    Enthalpy change () = Enthalpy of products - Enthalpy of reactants

    What is enthalpy?
    The enthalpy, H, of a system is a measure of the energy stored in (or heat
    content of) a system. It cannot be measured directly.

    During reactions, the enthalpy of the


    reactants and the products is not the
    same. This results in energy being
    either given out or taken in during the
    reaction. This energy is the enthalpy
    change, H (delta H).

    The enthalpy change for a reaction is usually observed as a change in


    temperature, which can be measured or calculated.

    Enthalpy changes
    The enthalpy change of a reaction is the heat energy exchange with its
    surroundings at constant pressure.
    Enthalpy is the energy content of the reactants and is given the symbol H.

    In science, change is represented by the upper case Greek letter delta, .

    Therefore, enthalpy change is represented by H. It has the units kilojoules


    per mole (kJ mol-1).
    Standard enthalpy changes are measured at a standard pressure of 100 kPa
    and temperature of 298 K. Standard enthalpy changes are represented by
    H298 but this is usually shortened to H.

    Exothermic reactions

    THERMODYNAMICS - ENTHALPY CHANGES


    a measure of the heat content of a substance at constant pressure
    you cannot measure the actual enthalpy of a substance
    you can measure an enthalpy CHANGE
    written as the symbol , delta H
    Enthalpy change () = Enthalpy of products - Enthalpy of reactants

    ENTHALPY

    Enthalpy

    REACTION CO-ORDINATE

    Enthalpy of reactants > products

    = - ive
    EXOTHERMIC

    Heat given out

    Endothermic reactions

    THERMODYNAMICS - ENTHALPY CHANGES


    a measure of the heat content of a substance at constant pressure
    you cannot measure the actual enthalpy of a substance
    you can measure an enthalpy CHANGE
    written as the symbol , delta H

    ENTHALPY

    Enthalpy change () = Enthalpy of products - Enthalpy of reactants

    ENTHALPY

    Enthalpy

    REACTION CO-ORDINATE

    Enthalpy of reactants > products

    = - ive
    EXOTHERMIC

    Heat given out

    REACTION CO-ORDINATE

    Enthalpy of reactants < products

    = + ive
    ENDOTHERMIC

    Heat absorbed

    Exothermic and endothermic


    reactions

    STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGES


    Why a
    standard?

    enthalpy values vary according to the conditions


    a substance under these conditions is said to be in its standard state ...

    Pressure:A stated temperature

    100 kPa

    (1 atmosphere)

    usually 298K (25C)

    as a guide, just think of how a substance would be under normal lab conditions
    assign the correct subscript [(g), (l) or (s) ] to indicate which state it is in
    any solutions are of concentration 1 mol dm-3
    to tell if standard conditions are used we modify the symbol for .

    Enthalpy Change

    Standard Enthalpy Change


    (at 298K)

    Types of enthalpy change

    Enthalpy change summary

    ENTHALPY OF NEUTRALISATION
    Definition

    The enthalpy change when ONE MOLE of water is formed from


    its ions in dilute solution.

    Values

    Exothermic

    Equation

    H+(aq)

    Notes

    A value of -57kJ mol-1 is obtained when


    strong acids react with strong alkalis.

    + OH(aq)

    >

    H2O(l)

    See later slides for practical details of measurement

    Enthalpy of neutralization
    experiment

    Calorimetry calculations
    Enthalpy change can be calculated using the following equation:

    q = mcT
    q = enthalpy change in joules
    m = mass of substance being heated (often water) in grams
    c = specific heat capacity in joules per Kelvin per gram
    (4.18 JK-1g-1 for water)
    T = change of temperature in Kelvin.
    To work out the enthalpy of neutralization, the density and specific heat
    capacities of the acid and base used are taken to be the same as for pure
    water.

    MEASURING ENTHALPY CHANGES


    Example 2
    25cm3 of 2.0M HCl was added to 25cm3 of 2.0M NaOH in an insulated beaker. The initial
    temperature of both solutions was 20C. The highest temperature reached by the
    solution was 33C. Calculate the Molar Enthalpy of Neutralisation. [The specific heat
    capacity (c) of water is 4.18 kJ K -1 kg -1]
    NaOH

    Temperature rise ()
    Volume of resulting solution =
    Equivalent mass of water
    (density is 1g per cm3)

    HCl

    >

    NaCl

    = 306K 293K
    25 + 25 = 50cm3
    = 50g

    H2O

    = 13K
    0.05 dm3
    = 0.05 kg

    Heat absorbed by the water (q)

    m x c x 0.05 x 4.18 x 13 = 2.717 kJ

    Moles of HCl reacting


    Moles of NaOH reacting
    Moles of water produced

    =
    =

    2 x
    2 x

    Enthalpy change per mol ()

    = heat energy / moles of water

    25/1000 =
    25/1000 =
    =

    = 54.34 kJ mol -1

    0.05 mol
    0.05 mol
    0.05 mol
    = 2.717 / 0.05

    Calorimetry calculation
    examples

    Calorimetry calculation
    problems

    The bomb calorimeter

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