Roots of Equations - Bisection Method

Chapter 2
Roots of Equations
- Bisection Method
Roots of Equations
The
two major classes of methods

available to find roots of equations.
These methods can be distinguished by
the type of initial guess. They are
f (x)
1. Bracketing Methods
2. Open Methods
x=?
root
Bracketing Methods
This
method is based on two initial

guesses that bracket the root, that is,
the two initial guesses are on either side
of the root. The bracketing methods
always work but slowly converges to the
root. The two main bracketing methods
are
1. Bisection Method
2. False Position Method
Bisection Method
If f (x)
is real and continuous in the

xl from
xu
interval
tof ( xl ) and f ( xu ) and
have opposite signs, that
is
f (x ) f (x ) 0
l
Then there is at least one real root

between xl and xu .
f (x)
f ( xu )
xl
f ( xl )
xu
root
f (x)
f ( xu )
Bisection Method
The
xl
f ( xl )
xu
root
bisection method is one type of incremental

search method in which the interval is divided
in half. If a function changes sign over an
interval, the function value at the midpoint is
evaluated. The location of the root is then
determined as lying at the midpoint of the
subinterval within which the sign change
occurs. The process is repeated to obtain
refined estimates.
Bisection Method
Algorithm for the Bisection Method:
Step 1: Choose lower xl and upperxu
guesses for the root such that the
function changes sign over the interval.
This can be checked by ensuring the
f ( xl ) f ( xu ) 0
Step 2: An estimate of the rootxr

determined by
xl xu
xr
is
Bisection Method
Step 3: Make the following evaluations to
determine in which subinterval the root
lies:
a) If f ( xl ) f ( xr ) 0
, the root lies in the
xu set
xr
lower subinterval, therefore,
and return to step f2.
( xu ) ve
f (x)
f ( xr ) ve
xl
f ( xl ) ve
xr
xu
root
Bisection Method
b)
If f ( xl ) f ( xr ) 0
, the root lies in the
xl xrset
upper subinterval. Therefore,
and return to step 2.
f (x)
f ( xu ) ve
f ( xr ) ve
f ( xl ) ve
xl
xr
xu
root
Bisection Method
c)
xr
If f ( xl ) f ( xr ) 0
, the root equals
terminate the computation.
f (x)
f ( xu ) ve
f ( xr ) 0
f ( xl ) ve
xl
xr
xu
root
Termination Criteria and Error

Estimates
An
approximate percent relative error can be

calculated as
new
old
x r xr
a
100%
new
xr
xr
new
where
is the root for the current iteration and
old
xr
is the root from the previous iteration. The
absolute value is used because we are
a usually
concerned with the magnitude of
rather than
a
with its sign. When
becomes
s less than the pre
specified stopping criterion
, the computation is
terminated.
Example 1
Determine
the real root of
f ( x) 5 x 3 5 x 2 6 x 2
using bisection method. Employ initial

guesses of xl 0 andxu 1 , iterate until
the estimate error a falls below a level
of
s 10%
Solution
pre specified error criterion s 10%
The initial guesses are
xl 0
xu 1
and
First iteration:
The
xl xu 0 1
0 .5
2
2
f ( xl ) f ( xr ) f (0) f (0.5) 2(0.375) 0.75 0
xr
The new bracket is xl 0
and
xu 0.5
Solution
Second
iteration:
xl xu 0 0.5
xr
0.25
2
2
0.25 0.5
a
100% 100% s
0.25
f ( xl ) f ( xr ) f (0) f (0.25) 2( 0.734375) 1.46875 0
The new bracket is xl 0.25
andxu 0.5
Solution
Third
iteration:
0.25 0.5
0.375
2
0.375 0.25
a
100% 33.33% s
0.375
f ( xl ) f ( xr ) f (0.25) f (0.375) (0.734375)( 0.189453125)
xr
0.139129638 0
The new bracket isxl 0.375
andxu 0.5
Solution
Fourth
iteration:
0.375 0.5
0.4375
2
0.4375 0.375
a
100% 14.29% s
0.4375
f ( xl ) f ( xr ) f (0.375) f (0.4375) (0.189453125)(0.086669921)
xr
0.016419887 0
xu 0.4375
and
Solution
Fifth
iteration:
0.375 0.4375
xr
0.40625
2
0.40625 0.4375
a
100% 7.6923% s
0.40625
Since a s , the computation is

terminated. After 5 iterations and
estimate of the root is 0.40625.
Example 2
3
sin
x
x
the first nontrivial root of
where x is in radians. Use bisection
method with the initial interval from 0.5
a
to 1. Perform the computation until
s than
2%
is less
. Also, perform an
error check by substituting your final
answer into the original equation.
Locate
Solution
stopping error criterion s 2%
The initial guesses are x 0.5 and x 1
l
u
Let
f ( x) sin x x 3
First iteration:
The
xl xu 0.5 1
0.75
2
2
f ( xl ) f ( xr ) f (0.5) f (0.75) (0.354426)( 0.2597638) 0.092067 0
xr
Therefore, the new bracket is
xl 0.75and
xu 1
Solution
Second
iteration:
xl xu 0.75 1
xr
0.875
2
2
0.875 0.75
a
100% 14.29% s
0.875
f ( xl ) f ( xr ) f (0.75) f (0.875) (0.259764)( 0.0976216) 0.025359 0
xu 1
and
Solution
All the iterations are shown below:

xl
Iteratio
n
xu
xr
f ( xl ) f ( xu ) f ( xl ) f ( xu )
0.5
0.75
0.75
0.875
14.29
0.875
0.9375
6.67
0.875
0.937
5
0.90625
3.45
After 5 iterations we obtain a root estimate of

0.9062 0.937 0.92187 +
+
+
1.69
0.921875
with
an
approximate
error
of
1.69%
5
5
5
which is below the stopping error criterion s 2%
Solution
The
result can be checked by

substituting into the original equation to
verify that it is close to zero:
f ( x) sin x x 3 sin( 0.921875) (0.921875) 3 0.0132774

Roots of Equations - Bisection Method

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Roots of Equations - Bisection Method

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Roots of Equations - Bisection Method

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2

two major classes of methods

method is based on two initial

is real and continuous in the

Then there is at least one real root

bisection method is one type of incremental

Step 2: An estimate of the rootxr

Termination Criteria and Error

approximate percent relative error can be

the real root of

using bisection method. Employ initial

The new bracket is xl 0

The new bracket is xl 0.25

The new bracket isxl 0.375

The new bracket isxl 0.375

Since a s , the computation is

Therefore, the new bracket is

The new bracket isxl 0.875

All the iterations are shown below:

After 5 iterations we obtain a root estimate of

result can be checked by

f ( x) sin x x 3 sin( 0.921875) (0.921875) 3 0.0132774

You might also like