Sampling Distributions: The Basic Practice of Statistics
Sampling Distributions: The Basic Practice of Statistics
Sampling Distributions
The Basic Practice of Statistics
6th Edition
Moore / Notz / Fligner
Chapter 11 Concepts
2
Sampling Distributions
Chapter 11 Objectives
3
Statistical Estimation
5
The process of statistical inference involves using information from a sample to draw
conclusions about a wider population.
Different random samples yield different statistics. We need to be able to describe
the sampling distribution of possible statistic values in order to perform statistical
inference.
We can think of a statistic as a random variable because it takes numerical values
that describe the outcomes of the random sampling process. Therefore, we can
examine its probability distribution using what we learned in earlier chapters.
Population
Sample
Sampling Variability
6
Population
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sampling Distributions
8
The law of large numbers assures us that if we measure enough subjects, the
statistic x-bar will eventually get very close to the unknown parameter .
If we took every one of the possible samples of a certain size, calculated the
sample mean for each, and graphed all of those values, wed have a sampling
distribution.
The population distribution of a variable is the distribution of values of
the variable among all individuals in the population.
The sampling distribution of a statistic is the distribution of values
taken by the statistic in all possible samples of the same size from the
same population.
In practice, its difficult to take all possible samples of size n to obtain the
actual sampling distribution of a statistic. Instead, we can use simulation to
imitate the process of taking many, many samples.
Suppose that x is the mean of an SRS of size n drawn from a large population
with mean and standard deviation . Then :
x
n
Note: These facts about the mean and standard deviation of x are true
no matter what shape the population distribution has.
If individual observations have the N(,) distribution, then the sample mean
of an SRS of size n has the N(, /n) distribution regardless of the sample
size n.
Most population distributions are not Normal. What is the shape of the sampling
distribution of sample means when the population distribution isnt Normal?
It is a remarkable fact that as the sample size increases, the distribution of
sample means changes its shape: it looks less like that of the population and
more like a Normal distribution!
When the sample is large enough, the distribution of sample means is very
close to Normal, no matter what shape the population distribution has, as long
as the population has a finite standard deviation.
Draw an SRS of size n from any population with mean and finite
standard deviation . The central limit theorem(CLT) says that when n
is large, the sampling distribution of the sample mean x is approximately
Normal:
x is approximately N ,
Example
13
Based on service records from the past year, the time (in hours) that a technician
requires to complete preventative maintenance on an air conditioner follows the
distribution that is strongly right-skewed, and whose most likely outcomes are close to 0.
The mean time is = 1 hour and the standard deviation is = 1.
Your company will service an SRS of 70 air conditioners. You have budgeted 1.1
hours per unit. Will this be enough?
The central limit theorem states that the sampling distribution of the mean time spent
working on the 70 units has:
0.12
x 1
n
70
The sampling distribution of the mean time spent working is approximately N(1, 0.12)
since n = 70 30.
x
1.1 1
0.83
0.12
14
Chapter 11 Objectives
Review