UNIT VI:

FIR DIGITAL FILTERS

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of FIR Digital Filters
1. Frequency Response

3. Design of FIR Digital filters using

1.
2.
3.
4.

Fourier series method

Windowing technique
Frequency sampling technique
Design examples

4. Comparison of IIR and FIR filters

Linear-Phase FIR Digital Filter

Design
3.1:Fourier series Method
(becomes part of windowing)

3.2:Windowing Method
3.3:Frequency sampling Method

3.1: Fourier series Method

The desired frequency response Hd(ej) of a
system is periodic in 2. From the Fourier
series analysis we know that any periodic
function can be expressed as a linear
combination of complex exponentials.
Therefore the desired frequency response of
an FIR filter can be represented by the Fourier
N 1
series
j
j n
H d (e ) hd [n] e
n 0

(1)

3.1:Fourier series Method

Where the frequency coefficients hd(n) are the
desired impulse response sequence of the filter.
1
hd [n]
2

H d (e j )e jn d (2)

The Z-transform of the sequence is given by

H ( z)

n
h
[
n
]
z
(3)
d

Equ.3 represents a non-causal digital filter of

infinite duration.

3.1:Fourier series Method

To get an FIR filter transfer function the series
can be truncated by assigning

Then
H ( z)

hd [n]
h[n]
0
N21

h[n]z

n N21

for

N 1
2

otherwise
N 1
2

N21

(4)

... h[2]z 2 h[1]z 1

h[0] h[1]z h[2]z ... h

2

N21

N 1
2

H ( z ) h[0] h[n]z n h[n]z n (5)

n 1

N21

3.1:Fourier series Method

For a symmetrical impulse response having
symmetry at n=0
h[-n]= h[n]
Therefore the equ.5 can be written as n
N21

H ( z ) h[0] h[n] z n z n (7)

n 1

The above T.F is not physically realizable.

The realizability can
be brought by multiplying
N

1
2
the equ.7 with z
Where (N-1)/2 is delay in samples.

3.1: Fourier series Method

H ( z) z
'

N21

H ( z) z

N21

N 1

h[0] h[n] z z

n 1

(8)

From the equ.8 the causality was brought by

multiplying the T.F with the delay factor.
This modification does not effect the amplitude
response of the filter.
However the abrupt truncation of Fourier series
results in oscillations in the pass band and stop
band.

3.1: Fourier series Method

3.1: Fourier series Method

This oscillation are due to slow conversion of the Fourier
series particularly near the points of discontinuity. This effect
is known as Gibbs phenomenon.
Gibbs phenomenon: As M increases, the maximum
deviation from the ideal value decreases except near the
point of discontinuity, where the error remains the same,
however large the value M we choose. (i.e., as M increases,
the maximum amplitude of the oscillation does not approach
zero)

To reduce these oscillations, the Fourier coefficients of the

filter are modified by multiplying the infinite impulse
response with a finite weighting sequence w[n] called as
window and that technique called as windowing method.

3.2: Windowing Method

Where

0
w[n] w[n]
0

for
for

N 1
n

2
N 1
n

After multiplying window w[n] with hd[n], we get a

finite duration sequence h[n] that satisfies the
desired magnitude response

for

for

h[n]

hd [n]w[n]

N 1
n

2
N 1
n

3.2: Windowing Method

The frequency response H(ej) of the filter can
be obtained by convolution of Hd(ej) and W(ej)
given by

1
H (e )
2
j

(e )W (e

j ( )

)d H d (e ) *W (e )

Because both Hd(ej) and W(ej) are periodic

functions, the operation often called as periodic
convolution.

3.2: Windowing Method

The transform of a window consists of
central lobe and side lobes.
The central lobe contains most of the
energy of the window.
To get an FIR filter, the sequence h d[n] is
w[n] are multiplied and a finite length of
non-causal sequence h[n] is obtained.

3.2: Windowing Method

Illustration of type of approximation obtained at a discontinuity of

the ideal frequency response.

3.2: Windowing Method

The realizable sequence g[n] is obtained by
shifting h[n] by =(N-1)/2 number of samples.
From H(ej) equ we find that the frequency
response of the filter Hd(ej) depends on the
frequency response of window W(ej).
Therefore the window chosen for truncating the
infinite impulse response should have some
desirable characteristics.

3.2: Windowing Method

Desirable characteristics of Window

W(ej)

1. The central lobe of the frequency response of

the window should contain most of the energy
and should be narrow.
2. The highest side lobe level of the frequency
response should be small.
3. The side lobes of the frequency response should
decrease in energy rapidly as tends to .

FIR Digital Filter Specifications

Only the magnitude approximation problem
Four basic types of ideal filters with magnitude
responses as shown below (Piecewise flat)
HHP (e j )
1

HBS (e j )

HBP (e j )

c2 c1

c1 c2

c2 c1

c1 c2

Filter Coefficients of FIR filters

Ideal Low pass filter

Filter Coefficients of FIR filters

Ideal Low pass filter

1
hd [n]
2

j n c

1 e
hd [n]
2 jn

H d (e ) e

j n

1
d
2

e j n d
c

1 e jnc e jnc
1 e jnc e jnc

2
jn
n
2j

sin( nc )
hd [n]
n

Filter Coefficients of FIR filters

Ideal High pass filter

Filter Coefficients of FIR filters

Ideal High pass filter

1
hd [n]
2

H d (e ) e

1 e j n

hd [n]
2 jn

j n

1
d
2

j n

jn

d e jn d

1 e jnc e jn e jn e jnc

jn
2
jn
c
e

jnc
jnc
jn
jn

1 e e
e
e
hd [n]

n
2j
2j

1
sin(n ) sin(nc )
hd [n]
n

Filter Coefficients of FIR filters

Ideal Band pass filter

HBP (e j )
1

c2 c1

c1 c2

Filter Coefficients of FIR filters

Ideal Band pass filter

1
hd [n]
2

H d (e ) e

1 e jn

hd [n]
2 jn

1
hd [n]
n

c 1

c 2

jn

1
d
2

jn c 2

c1

c2

jn

c 2

c 1

e jn d

1 e jnc1 e jnc 2 e jnc 2 e jnc1

jn
2
jn
c1
e

e jnc 2 e jnc 2 e jnc1 e jnc1

2j
2j

1
sin(nc 2 ) sin(nc1 )
hd [n]
n

Filter Coefficients of FIR filters

Ideal Band stop filter
HBS

j
(e )

c2 c1

c1 c2

Filter Coefficients of FIR filters

Ideal Band stop filter

1
hd [n]
2

H d (e ) e

jn

1
hd [n]
2

1
d
2

e jn

jn

c 2

c 2

e jn

jn

jn

c 1

c1

c1

c 1

e j n

jn

jn

d e jn d

c1

c 2

1 e jnc 2 e jn e jnc1 e jnc1 e jn e jnc 2

hd [n]
2
jn

1
hd [n]
n

e jn e jn e jnc1 e jnc1 e jnc 2 e jnc 2

2j
2j
2j

1
sin(n sin(nc 2 ) sin(nc1 )
hd [n]
n

Filter Coefficients of FIR filters

Delay factor

Type
Low
Pass

Zero phase hd[n]

c
hd [0]

High
Pass

sin( n ) sin( nc )
hd [n]

n 0

for

sin( n )c
hd [n]
for
(n )
c
hd [ n] 1

hd [0] 1 c

for

Linear phase hd[n]

hd [n]

sin( nc )
hd [n]
for n 0
n

N 1
2

for

sin( n ) sin( n )c

(n )

hd [n]

for

Filter Coefficients of FIR filters

Type Zero phase hd[n]
c 2 c1
hd [0]

Band
Pass

sin( nc 2 ) sin(nc1 )

hd [n]

for

Band
Stop

Linear phase hd[n]

sin(n sin(nc 2 ) sin(nc1 )

for

n
n 0

for

sin( n )c 2 sin( n )c1

(
n

hd [n]

n 0

c1
hd [0] 1 c 2

hd [n]

c 2 c1

hd [n]

for

c 2 c1

hd [n] 1

hd [n]

for

sin(n ) sin(n )c 2 sin(n )c1

(n )
for n

Rectangular Window

N 1

1 for n
wR [n]
2
0 otherwise

Rectangular Window
Spectrum of the rectangular window is given by
N21
N

WR (e j )

e
e

j N21
j N21

j N2

n N21

... e

1 e

1 e

j
j
2
1

e
e

sin 2
WR (e )
sin 2

j n
e

1 e

... e

... e

j ( N 1)

j N

j N2

j 2

j N21

jN

j
e

j
1

e
e

N 1
2

j N2
j 2

Rectangular Window
The freq res is real and its zero occur when N/2=kor
=2k/N
The response for between 2/N and -2/N is called the
MAIN LOBE and other lobes are known as SIDE LOBES.
The main lobe of the response is the portion that lies between
the first two zero crossings. The side lobes are defined as the
portion of the response for <-2/N or >2/N.
As the window is made longer the main lobe becomes narrower
and higher and side lobes becomes more concentrated around
=0.
The main lobe width for the rectangular window is equal to
4/N and the highest side lobe level is equal to approximately
22% main lobe amplitude or -13dB relative to the maximum
value at =0.

Frequency response &

log magnitude spectrum
for N=25

Frequency response &

log magnitude spectrum
for N=51

Frequency
response of LPF
using
Rectangular
Window for N=25

Log magnitude
response of LPF
using
Rectangular
Window for N=25

Rectangular Window
As the desired response Hd(ej) is of infinte Fourier
coefficients. To get a finite impulse response filter we multiply
hd[n] with a rectangular window .i.e. h[ n] hd [ n]wR [ n]
The frequency response of the truncated filter can be obtained
by periodic convolution.

1
j
H (e )
2

j
j ( )
j
j
H
(
e
)
W
(
e
)
d

H
(
e
)
*
W
(
e
)
R
d
R
d

We find that the frequency response differs from the desired

response.
The desired response of a LPF changes abruptly from pass
band to stop band, but the frequency response changes slowly.
This region of gradual change is called filters transition region,
which is due to the convolution of the desired response with the
window responses main lobe.

Rectangular Window
The width of the transition region depends on the width of the
main lobe. As the filter length N increases , the main lobe
becomes narrower decreasing the width of transition region.
The convolution of the desired response and the window
responses side lobes gives rise to the ripples in both pass band
and stop band.
The amplitude of the ripples is determined by the amplitudes of
the side lobes and is un effected by the length of the window.
So, increase in length N will not reduce the ripples, but increase
its frequency.
J.W.Gibbs showed that a finite length low pass filter will posses
an 8.9% maximum ripple no matter how long the filter is made..

Rectangular Window
j

WR (e )

N21

j n

N 1
2

4
N

sin 2N

sin
2

Main Lobe Width:

Sidelobe Magnitude= -13 db
Stopband Attenuation=-21db

Rectangular Window
N=50

Rectangular Window
This effect where maximum ripple occurs just before and after
the transition band is known as Gibbs phenomenon.
The Gibbs phenomenon can be reduced by using a less
abrupt truncation of filter coefficients.
This can be achieved by using a window function that tapers
smoothly towards zero at both ends.
One such type of window is Triangular or Bartlett window.

Triangular or Bartlett Window

wT [n]

2n

for

N 1
0 otherwise

N 1
n

Triangular or Bartlett Window

The Fourier transform of the Triangular window is

2

sin N 1
4

WT (e j )
sin

Triangular or Bartlett Window

The side lobe level is smaller than that of rectangular being
reduced from -13dB to -25dB. However, the main lobe width is
now 8/N or twice that of the rectangular window.
We can find that triangular window produces a smooth
magnitude response in both pass band and stop band. But it
has the following disadvantages compared with rectangular
window

1. The transition region is more

2. The attenuation in stop band is less.
Because of these characteristics, the triangular window is
not usually a good choice.

Raised Cosine Window

[1 ] cos

w [n]

2n
N 1

0 otherwise

for

N 1
n

The frequency response of w [n]is given by

N21

W (e j )

N21

j n
2n

[
1

]
cos
e

N 1

n N21

j n

N 1
2

A B C

1
2

N21

N 1
2

j N2 1 n

1
2

N21

N 1
2

j N2 1 n

Raised Cosine Window

A e
e

j N21

j N21

N 1
2

1 e

1 e

j 2

jN

e
1 e
j
j
2
e
1 e

j N2
j 2

... e

j N21

j N2

jN

j
1

1 e

... e j ( N 1)

j N2

... e

sin 2N
A
sin 2

1
2

1
2

Raised Cosine Window

j N2 1 N21

j N2 1 N21

... e

1 e

1 e

j N2 1 N

j N2 1

j 2 N 1
j 2 N 1

e
1
2 j j
e 2 N 1 e 2 N 1
N

j N2 1

N
N

sin

2
N 1
1
B 2

sin 2 N 1

Similarly

1 e

j N2 1

j 2N NN1

... e

j N2 1 N21

j N2 1 N

1 e
1 e
2

2

2
N

1
N
1

e
1 e

N
N

sin

2
N 1
1
2

sin 2 N 1

N
N

sin

2
N 1
1
C 2

sin 2 N 1

Raised Cosine Window

[1 ] cos

w [n]

0 otherwise

2n
N 1

for

N 1
n

sin 2N 1 sin 2N NN1 1 sin 2N NN1

W (e )
2
2

sin 2
sin 2 N 1
sin 2 N 1
j

In w[n] substitution of
=0.5 results in Hanning window
=0.54 results in Hamming window

Hanning Window

0.5 0.5 cos

wHn [n]

2n
N 1

0 otherwise

for

N 1
n

N
N
N
N
N

sin

sin

sin
j
2
N 1
2
N 1
2
WHn (e ) 0.5
0.25
0.25

sin 2
sin 2 N 1
sin 2 N 1

Hanning Window

Hanning Window

Hanning Window

Hanning Window
The main lobe width is twice that of the rectangular
window, which results in doubling of the transition
region of the filter.
The magnitude of the sidelobe level is -31dB,
Which is 18dB lower over that of rectangular
spectral window.
The peak side lobe ripple is -44dB relative to the
main lobe. At high frequencies the stop band
attenuation is even greater.

Hamming Window

0.54 0.46 cos

wH [n]

0 otherwise

2n
N 1

for

N 1
n

N
N
N
N
N

sin

sin

sin
j
2
N 1
2
N 1
2
WH (e ) 0.54
0.23
0.23

sin 2
sin 2 N 1
sin 2 N 1

Hamming Window

Hamming Window

Hamming Window

Hamming Window
The peak sidelobe level is down at about 41dB from the
main lobe peak, an improvement of 10dB relative to the
Hanning window.
The main lobe width is twice that of the rectangular window,
which results in doubling of the transition region of the filter.
The first sidelobe peak is -53dB, an improvement of 9dB
with respect to Hanning window filter. However at high
frequencies the stop band attenuation is lower when
compared to that of Hanning window.
Because the Hamming window generates less oscillation in
the sidelobes than the Hanning window, for the same
mainlobe width, the Hamming window is generally preferred.

Blackman Window

wB [n]

0.42 0.5 cos

0 otherwise

2n
N 1

0.08 cos

4n
N 1

for

N 1
n

Blackman Window

Blackman Window

Blackman Window

Blackman Window
The additional cosine term compared with Hanning
and Hamming window reduce the sidelobes, but
increases the mainlobe width to 12/N.
The peak sidelobe level is down about 57dB from
mainlobe peak, an improvement of 16dB relative the
Hamming window.
The sidelobe attenuation of a lowpass filter using
Blackman window is -74dB.

Bartlett

Hanning

Hamming

Hamming

Blackman

Hanning

Window Based Design

1 , 2 , p
Given specifications:

and

Employ the following procedure

1. Compute

min(1 , 2 )
p s

2. Compute 20 log10 and select window type

3. Choose N, the filter order, to meet
transition width
4. Compute filter coefficients hd[n] and
window coefficients w[n]

Window Based Design

5. Compute the modified impulse response using

h[n] w[n] hd [n]

6. The Transfer function of FIR digital filter is given
by

H ( z) z

n 1

N21

N 1
2

h[0] 2 h[n] z z
n

Pros and Cons of Window based Design

Advantages
Easy to design
Can be applied to general linear system
design

Disadvantages
Exceeds the specs everywhere except at
the edges of the passband and stopband
1 and 2 cannot be independently
controlled. Have to design more
conservatively for the smaller of the two

Window
Type

Summary of Windows
Peak
Approximate
Peak
Equivalent
Sidelobe
Amplitude

Width of
Mainlobe

(relative)
(dB)

Approxima
tion Error
20 log
(dB)

Kaiser
Windows

Transition
Width of
Equivalent
Kaiser
Window

Rectangular

-13

4
N

-21

Bartlett

-25

8
N

-25

1.33

2.37
N

Hanning

-31

8
N

-44

3.86

5.01
N

Hamming

-41

-53

4.86

6.27
N

Blackman

-57

8
N
12
N

-74

7.04

9.19
N

1.81
N

Example.1
Design an ideal high
pass filter with a
frequency response

j 5

e
j
H d (e )
0

for 4
for 4

Find the values of h[n] for N=11, using

a) Hanning window b) Hamming window
Solution: The freq Res is having a term ej(N-1)/2 which
gives h[n] symmetry about (N-1)/2=5 .i.e. we get a causal
sequence.
N=11
a) Hanning window

wHn [n]

2n
0
.
5

0
.
5
cos

N 1

0 otherwise

for

N 1

Example.1 Cont..d
With N=11

0.5 0.5 cos 5n

wHn [n]

for

0 otherwise

wHn [0] 0.5 0.5 1

wHn [1] wHn [1] 0.5 0.5 cos 5 0.9045
wHn [2] wHn [2] 0.5 0.5 cos 25 0.655
wHn [3] wHn [3] 0.5 0.5 cos 35 0.345
wHn [4] wHn [4] 0.5 0.5 cos 45 0.0945
wHn [5] wHn [5] 0.5 0.5 cos 55 0

n 5

Example.1 Cont..d
The filter coefficient equation is
1
hd [n]
2

1
j
j n
H d (e ) e d 2

1 e j n

hd [n]
2 jn

j n

jn

1 e
2

jn 4

jn

j n

d e jn d

e
jn

jn 4
jn 4
jn
jn

e e
1 e e
hd [n]

n
2j
2j

1
sin(n ) sin(n 4 )
hd [n]
n

jn

jn 4

hd [0] 1

Example.1 Cont..d
The desired filter coefficients are

hd [0] 1

1 14 0.75

1
hd [1] hd [1] sin( ) sin( 4 ) 0.225

1
sin(2 ) sin( 24 ) 0.159
hd [2] hd [2]
2
1
hd [3] hd [3] sin(3 ) sin( 34 ) 0.075
3
1
sin(4 ) sin( 44 ) 0
hd [4] hd [4]
4
1
sin(5 ) sin( 54 ) 0.045
hd [5] hd [5]
5

Example.1 Cont..d
The filter coefficients using Hanning window are

h[n] hd [n] wHn [n]

h[0] hd [0] wHn [0] (0.75)(1) 0.75

h[1] h[1] hd [1] wHn [1] (0.225)(0.9045) 0.204

h[2] h[2] hd [2] wHn [2] (0.159)(0.655) 0.104

h[3] h[3] hd [3] wHn [3] (0.015)(0.345) 0.026
h[4] h[4] hd [4] wHn [4] (0)(0.0945) 0
h[5] h[5] hd [5] wHn [5] (0.045)(0) 0

Example.1 Cont..d
The transfer function of the filter is given by
5

H ( z ) 0.75 h[n] z n z n
n 1

H ( z ) 0.75 0.204 z 1 z1 0.104 z 2 z 2 0.026 z 3 z 3

The transfer function of the realizable filter is given
by
5

H ( z ) z H ( z ) 0.026 z 0.104 z 0.204 z

'

0.75 z 0.204 z 0.104 z 0.026 z

Example.1 Cont..d
The causal filter coefficients using Hanning window are

h[0] h[1] h[9] h[10] 0

h[2] h[8] 0.026
h[3] h[7] 0.104

h[4] h[6] 0.204

h[5] 0.75

Example.1 Cont..d
b) Hamming window

wH [n] 0.54 0.46 cos N2n1

for

n N21

wH [0] 0.54 0.46 1

wH [1] wH [1] 0.54 0.46 cos 5 0.912
wH [2] wH [2] 0.54 0.46 cos 25 0.682
wH [3] wH [3] 0.54 0.46 cos 35 0.398
wH [4] wH [4] 0.54 0.46 cos 45 0.1678
wH [5] wH [5] 0.54 0.46 cos 55 0.08

Example.1 Cont..d
The filter coefficients using Hamming window are

h[ n] hd [n] wH [n]

h[0] hd [0] wH [0] (0.75)(1) 0.75

h[1] h[1] hd [1] wH [1] (0.225)(0.912) 0.2052

h[2] h[2] hd [2] wH [2] (0.159)(0.682) 0.1084

h[3] h[3] hd [3] wH [3] (0.015)(0.398) 0.03
h[4] h[4] hd [4] wH [4] (0)(0.1678) 0
h[5] h[5] hd [5] wH [5] (0.045)(0.08) 0.0036

Example.1 Cont..d
The transfer function of the filter is given by
5

H ( z ) 0.75 h[n] z n z n
n 1

H ( z ) 0.75 0.2052 z 1 z1 0.1084 z 2 z 2

0.03 z z 0.0036 z z
3

The transfer function of the realizable filter is given

by
H ' ( z ) z 5 H ( z ) 0.0036 0.03 z 2 0.1084 z 3 0.2052 z 4
0.75 z 5 0.2052 z 6 0.1084 z 7 0.03 z 8 0.0036 z 10

Example.1 Cont..d
The causal filter coefficients using Hamming window are

h[0] h[10] 0.0036

h[1] h[9] 0
h[2] h[8] 0.03
h[3] h[7] 0.1084

h[4] h[6] 0.2052

h[5] 0.75

Kaiser Window
From comparison of window parameters, we can
find that a trade-off exists between the mainlobe
width and the sidelobe amplitude.
The mainlobe width is inversely proportional to N. An
increase in window length decreases the transition
band of the filter.
However, the minimum stopband attenuation is
independent of N and is a function of the selected
window.

Kaiser Window
Thus in order to achieve prescribed minimum stop Band
attenuation and pass band ripple, the designer must find a
window with an appropriate sidelobe level and then choose
N to achieve prescribed transition width.
In this process the designer may often have to settle for a
window with undesirable design specifications
To overcome this problem Kaiser has chosen a class of
windows based on the prolate spheroidal functions.
These functions have the property that they are limited as
much as possible in both time and frequency domains.

Kaiser Window
I 1 n 2

N 1

wk [n]
2 ,
I
(

)
0

0
otherwise

I 0 (.) is zeroth order modified Bessel

function of the First Kind

N 1
2

1 x
I 0 ( x)
k 0 k! 2
controls sidelobe level (Stopband
Attenuation)
The filter order N controls the Mainlobe width.

Kaiser Window based design

Kaiser Window based design

1.

2.

Determine hd[n] using Fourier series method for an

ideal frequency response.
Choose min(1 , 2 ) and determine

s 20 log10

and p 20 log10 11
1
B

LPF
s
p
c
2 s p

3. Determine
HPF
BPF
BSF

B p s

c 12 s p

B min p1 s1 , s 2 p 2

c1 p1 B2 , c 2 p 2 B2

B min s1 p1 , p 2 s 2

c1 p1 B2 , c 2 p 2 B2

Kaiser Window based design

4. Choose parameter from the following equation
0
for s 21

0.5842( s 21) 0.4 0.07886( s 21) for 21 s 50

0.1102 ( s 8.7)
for s 50

5. Choose parameter D from the following equation

0.9222

D s 7.95
14.36

for s 21
for s 21

Kaiser Window based design

6. Choose filter order for the lowest odd value of N
sf D
N
1
B
7. Compute the window sequence using

I 1 n 2

wk [n]
I
(

)
0

n N21 ,
otherwise

N 1
2

Kaiser Window based design

8. Compute the modified impulse response using

h[n] wk [n] hd [n]

9. The Transfer function of FIR digital filter is given
by

H ( z) z

n 1

N21

N 1
2

h[0] 2 h[n] z z
n

Comparison between FIR and

IIR Digital Filter

Comparison between FIR and IIR Digital

Filter
FIR filter
1 The impulse
response of this filter
is restricted to finite
number of samples.

S No

IIR filter
The impulse response
of this filter extends
over an infinite duration

2 FIR filters can have

IIR filters do not have
precisely linear phase linear phase
3 Closed form design
equations do not
exist.

A variety of frequency
selective filters can be
designed using closed
form design formulas.

Comparison between FIR and IIR Digital

Filter
FIR filter
4 Most of the design
methods are iterative
procedures, requiring
powerful computational
facilities for their
implementation

IIR filter
These can be
designed using only
a hand calculator
and tables of Analog
filter design
parameters.

5 Greater flexibility to
control the shape of
their magnitude
response.

Less flexibility
specially for
obtaining nonstandard frequency
response.

S No

Comparison between FIR and IIR Digital

Filter
FIR filter
6 In this filters, the poles
are fixed at the origin,
high selectivity can be
achieved by using a
relatively high order for
the transfer function

IIR filter
The poles are placed
anywhere inside the
unit circle, high
selectivity can be
achieved with loworder transfer function

7 Always stable.

Not always stable.

S No

8 Errors due to round off Errors due to round

noise are less severe. off are more severe.