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Methods of Ranging

This document describes two methods of ranging - direct and indirect ranging. Direct ranging involves establishing intermediate points on a survey line between two end points using sighting methods like eye or a line ranger when the end points are visible to each other. Indirect ranging uses two intermediate points that can see each other and the end points to indirectly establish points along the non-visible survey line through reciprocal sighting.

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6K views16 pages

Methods of Ranging

This document describes two methods of ranging - direct and indirect ranging. Direct ranging involves establishing intermediate points on a survey line between two end points using sighting methods like eye or a line ranger when the end points are visible to each other. Indirect ranging uses two intermediate points that can see each other and the end points to indirectly establish points along the non-visible survey line through reciprocal sighting.

Uploaded by

kalpana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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METHODS OF

RANGING

While

measuring the length of a survey line,


the chain or tape must be stretched straight
along the line joining two terminal stations.
If the length of the line is less then the length
of the chain, there will be no difficulty.
If the length of the line exceeds the length of
the chain, some intermediate point will have to
be established in line with the two terminal
points before chaining is started.

RANGING

The process of establishing intermediate point on a


straight line between two end points is known as
ranging.

TWO METHODS:
1. Direct Ranging
2. Indirect Ranging

1. DIRECT RANGING
Direct Ranging is done when the two ends of the
survey lines are intervisible.
In such cases, ranging can either be done by eye or
through some optical instrument such as line ranger or
a theodolite.

1. DIRECT RANGING

Ranging by Eye:
Let A and B be the two points at the end of a survey
line.
First, fix the ranging rod at known point A and B and
its ranging rod should be fixed at point A up to
completion of work.
Third ranging rod must be established at point P (or
any) approximately on the line of point AB (by
judgment) and its not greater than one chain length
from point A.

Ranging by Eye:
Measure the distance of AP by chain and move ranging
rod at point P to its next position and establishing a
wooden peg or arrow at point P.
Third ranging is established at point Q (or any)
approximately on the line of point AB (by judgment)
and its not greater than one chain length from point P.
Measure the distance of PQ by chain and move ranging
rod at point Q to its next position and establishing a
wooden peg or arrow at point Q.
Its procedure repeats up to reaching point B.

Ranging by Eye:

Third ranging rod is established at known point C (or at


known object) and a ranging rod should be fixed at
point C up to completion of work.

Line Ranger
A line ranger consists of either two plane mirrors or
two right angled isoceles prisms placed one above the
other.
The diagonals of the two prisms are silvered so as to
reflect the incident rays.
A handle with a hook is provided at the bottom to hold
the instrument in hand to transfer the point to the
ground with the help of a plumb bob.

Line Ranger

Ranging by Line Ranger


To range a point P, two ranging rods are fixed at the
ends A and B, and the surveyor holds the line ranger
very near to the line AB (by eye adjustment).
One of the prism receives the rays from A and the other
prism receives the rays from B which are reflected
towards the observer.

Thus the observer views the images of ranging rods at


rods at A and B, which may not be in the same vertical
line.
The surveyor moves the instrument sideways till the
two images are in the same vertical line.

Direct and Indirect Ranging

Indirect Ranging
Indirect Ranging or Reciprocal ranging is followed
when both the ends of the survey line are not
intervisible either due to high intervening ground or
due to long distance between them.
In such a case, ranging is done indirectly by selecting
two intermediate points M1 and N1 very near to the
chain line (by judgement) in such a way that from M1,
both N1 and B are visible and from N1, both M1 and A
are visible.

Indirect Ranging
The person at M1 then directs the person at N1 to move
to new position N2, so that the person at M1 can see
the point N2 in the line M1B.
The person at N2 then directs the person at M1 to move
to a new position M2 in line with N2A.
The process is repeated till the points M and N are
located in such a way that the person at M finds the
person at N in line with MB, and the person at N finds
the person at M in line with NA.

Indirect Ranging

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