Repeated Measures ANOVA and Two-Factor (Factorial) ANOVA
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SrinivasagopalanRepeated Measures ANOVA and Two-Factor (Factorial) ANOVA
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SrinivasagopalanRepeated measures ANOVA and
Two-Factor (Factorial) ANOVA
A. Repeated measures: All participants experience
all of the k levels of the independent variable.
Compare to the t-test for paired samples
B. Factorial ANOVA: Treatment combinations are
applied to different participants
Compare to independent-samples t- test and oneway ANOVA
Repeated Measures ANOVA
Here, we partition the within sum of squares
and the within degrees of freedom.
In a repeated measures design, differences
between treatment conditions cannot be due
to individual differences, so we subtract the
variance due to participants from the within
sum of squares, leaving us with a smaller
error term and, as with the paired samples ttest, more power.
A repeated-measures version of the
dating study
Number of dates
Participant Soph Jr Sr Person total
Shane
2
4 6
12
Eric
1
4 8
13
Ryan
0
3 9
12
Zachary
4
1 2
7
Mathias
3
5 6
14
Totals
10 17 31
58
The F ratio in a repeated measures
design
As always, the F ratio compares the
variance due to treatments + error to
the variance due to error.
Therefore, we will compute SS for the
total set of scores (SSTot), within groups
(SSW), and between treatments (SSB).
Partitioning or analyzing the within
sum of squares
SSW = SSBetweenSubj + SSError
And SSBetweenSubj = P2/ k)- (X)2 / N
Then, subtract to find SSError:
SSError = SSW - SSBetweenSubj
The repeated-measures ANOVA
summary table
Source
SS df MS or s2 F
Between Treatments
Within
Between subjects
Error
Total
Post hoc tests with repeatedmeasures ANOVA
Use Tukeys HSD or Scheffes test, but
with MSerror and dferror rather than MSwithin
and dfwithin.
Two-way factorial ANOVA
Partitioning the between-groups
Sum of Squares
The interaction Sum of Squares
The ANOVA summary table
Source
SS df MS F
Between
Within
Between participants/subjects
Error
Total
Partitioning the between-groups
Sum of Squares
Cell notation: Rows, columns, and
interactions
Factorial design: Fully crossed
Set up the data so that the groups of
one variable form rows and the groups
of the other variable form columns.
Setting up the data
COLUMN_Variable
1
2
3_
| 1 | R1C1 R1C2 R1C3
ROW |
Variable| 2 | R2C1 R2C2 R2C3
An example
Number of dates/person this semester:
COLUMN___
1(So)
2(Jr)
3(Sr)_
1
7
2 499
4
81
(Men)
6 363 11 9
121
7
0 10 49
0
100
ROW
20 134
5 13
30 302
4 12 5 16
25
144
2
2 14 46
36
196
(Women) 1 115 7 225
49
7 21
41 565
18 110
The factorial ANOVA table
Source
SS df MS or s2 F
Between cells (Treatment)
Row (A)
Column (B)
R x C (A x B)
Within
Total
SStotal
Calculate SStotal the same way as for the
one-way ANOVA:
SStotal = X2 - (X)2 / N = 1145 - 1212/ 18
= 1145 - 14641/18 = 1145 - 813.389
= 331.611
Total df = N - 1 = 18 - 1 = 17
SSw
SSw is also computed the same as it was
for the one-way ANOVA, this time
computing SS for each R x C cell and
adding them all together.
SSR1C1= 134 - 202 / 3 = 134 - 400/3 =0.667
SSR1C2= 13 - 52 / 3 = 13 - 25/3 = 4.667
SSR1C3= 302 - 302 / 3 = 302 - 900/3 = 2.000
SSw...
SSR2C1= 21 - 72 / 3 = 21 - 49/3 = 4.667
SSR2C2= 565 - 412 /3 = 565 - 1681/3 =4.667
SSR2C3=110 - 182 / 3 = 110 - 324/3 = 2.000
SSW= 0.667 + 4.667 + 2.000 + 4.667 +
4.667 + 2.000 = 18.668
Within df = N - k = 18 - 6 = 12
The factorial ANOVA table
Source SS
Betweencells
df MS or s2 F
Row
Column
RxC
Within
18.668 12
Total 331.611 17
SS between cells
Compute SSbetween cells the same way you
computed SSbetween in the one-way ANOVA:
SSbetween cells= (Xcell)2/ncell] - (Xtotal)2/ N
= 202 + 52 + 302 + 72 + 412 + 182 - 1212/18
3
3
3
3
3
3
= 400+25+900+49+1681+324 - 813.389
3
SS between cells
= 3379 / 3 - 813.389 = 1126.333-813.389
= 312.944
Between cells df = k - 1 = 6 - 1 = 5
The factorial ANOVA table
Source SS
df MS or s2* F
Betweencells 312.944 5
Row
Column
RxC
Within
18.668 12
Total 331.611 17
*SPSS and everyone else in the world uses MS.
SS rows
Compute SSrows in the same way as
SSBetween, using the rows as the only
groups (pretend there are no columns):
SSrows= (Xrow)2/nrow] - (Xtotal)2/ N
= 552 + 662 - 813.389
9
9
= 3025 + 4356 - 813.389 = 6.722
9
SS columns
Similarly, find SScolumns using the SSBetween
formula, using columns as the only groups:
SScolumns= (Xcolumns)2/ncolumns] - (Xtotal)2/ N
= 272 + 462 + 482 - 813.389
6
6
6
= 729 + 2116 + 2304 - 813.389 = 44.778
6
SS row by column interaction
Compute the SSR x C interaction by
subtracting both the SSRows and the
SScolumns from the SSBetween cells:
SSR x C = SSBetween cells - SSRows - SSColumns
= 312.944 - 6.722 - 44.778 = 261.444
dfRows = r - 1 (number of rows - 1) = 2-1=1
dfColumns = c - 1 (number of columns - 1)= 2
dfR x C = (r - 1)(c - 1) = (1)(2) = 2
The factorial ANOVA table
Source SS
df MS or s2 F
Betweencells 312.944 5
Row
6.722 1
Column
44.778 2
RxC
261.444 2
Within
18.668 12
Total 331.611 17
Computing MS or sW2
Divide each SS by its df:
MSRows = SSRows / dfRows =6.722 / 1 = 6.722
MSCols = SSCols / dfCols = 44.778 / 2 = 22.389
MSR x C= SSRxC / dfRxC = 261.444/2 = 130.722
MSW = SSW / dfW = 18.668 / 12 = 1.556
The factorial ANOVA table
Source SS
df MS or s2 F
Betweencells 312.944 5
Row
6.722 1
6.722
Column
44.778 2 22.389
RxC
261.444 2 130.722
Within
18.668 12
1.556
Total 331.611 17
F ratios
To compute F ratios, divide each MSBetween
by MSW:
FRows = MSRows / MSW = 6.722 / 1.556 = 4.32
FCols = MSCols / MSW = 22.389 / 1.556=14.39
FRxC = MSRxC / MSW = 130.722/1.556=84.01
The factorial ANOVA table
Source SS
df MS or s2 F
Betweencells 312.944 5
Row
6.722 1
6.722 4.32 >.05
Column
44.778 2 22.389 14.39 <.05
RxC
261.444 2 130.722 84.01 <.05
Within
18.668 12
1.556
Total 331.611 17
Interpretation of main effects
The main effect for rows (gender) was not
significant. We retain the null hypothesis;
the difference is due to chance.
The main effect for columns (class) was
significant. We reject the null hypothesis;
at least one difference is not due to
chance. Post hoc comparisons are
needed next.
Interpretation of interaction effect
The interaction between gender (rows)
and class (columns) was significant. The
effect of class on number of dates is
different for the two genders.
A graph of the means shows that the most
frequent dating for men occurred among
the seniors, while for women, the most
frequent dating was among the juniors.
Interpreting the interaction...
The two lines are
clearly not parallel,
showing the
interaction.
When there is a
significant
interaction, interpret
the main effects
cautiously.
Group comparisons
Main effect
comparisons
Interaction
comparisons
By row variable
By column variable
