Types Of Java Statements

• Conditional/Selection Statements
• if
• if-else
• Switch

• Iteration Statements
• for
• while
• do-while
Conditional Statements
• A conditional statement lets us choose which
statement will be executed next by using a
conditional test

• Conditional statements give us the power to make

basic decisions

• Java's conditional statements are

• the if statement

• the if-else statement

• the switch statement

The if Statement
• The if statement has the following syntax:
• if (condition)
statement;
• if is a Java reserved word

• The condition must be a boolean expression.

• If the condition is true, the statement is executed.

• If it is false, the statement is skipped.

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The if-else Statement
• An else clause can be added to an if statement
to make an if-else statement
if ( condition )
statement1;
else
statement2;
• If the condition is true, statement1 is executed;
if the condition is false, statement2 is executed
• One or the other will be executed, but not both

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Block Statements
• Several statements can be grouped together into a block
statement
• A block is delimited by braces : { … }
• A block statement can be used wherever a statement is
called for by the Java syntax
• if (guess == answer) {
System.out.println(“You guessed correct!”);
correct++;
} else {
System.out.println(“You guessed wrong.”);
wrong++;
}
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Nested if Statements
• The statement executed as a result of an if
statement or else clause could be another if
statement

• These are called nested if statements

• An else clause is matched to the last unmatched if
(no matter what the indentation implies!)

• Braces can be used to specify the if statement to

which an else clause belongs

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Multiway Selection: else if
• Sometime you want to select one option from
several alternatives
if (conditon1) conditon1
true
statement1
evaluated
statement1; false
else if (condition2) conditon2 true
statement2
statement2; evaluated
false
else if (condition3) true
conditon3 statement3
statement3; evaluated

else false

statement4
statement4;
else if example
double numberGrade = 83.6;
char letterGrade;
if (numberGrade >= 89.5) {
Output:
letterGrade = ‘A’;
} else if (numberGrade >= 79.5) { My Grade is 83.6, B
letterGrade = ‘B’;
} else if (numberGrade >= 69.5) {
letterGrade = ‘C’;
} else if (numberGrade >= 59.5) {
letterGrade = ‘D’;
} else {
letterGrade = ‘F’;
}
System.out.println(“My Grade is ” + numberGrade + “, ” + letterGrade);
The switch Statement
• The switch statement provides another means to
decide which statement to execute next

• The switch statement evaluates an expression,

then attempts to match the result to one of
several possible cases

• Each case contains a value and a list of

statements

• The flow of control transfers to statement

associated with the first value that matches
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 The switch Statement
• The general syntax of a switch statement is:

switch switch (expression) {

and case value1:
case statement-list1
are case value2:
reserved statement-list2
words case value3: If expression
statement-list3 matches value2,
} control jumps
to here
The break Statement
• Often a break statement is used as the last
statement in each case's statement list

• A break statement causes control to transfer to

the end of the switch statement

• If a break statement is not used, the flow of

control will continue into the next case

• Sometimes this can be appropriate, but usually

we want to execute only the statements
associated with one case
 The default Statement
• A switch statement can have an optional default case
• The default case has no associated value and simply
uses the reserved word default

• If the default case is present, control will transfer to it if

no other case value matches

• Though the default case can be positioned anywhere in

the switch, usually it is placed at the end

• If there is no default case, and no other value matches,

control falls through to the statement after the switch
The switch Statement
• The expression of a switch statement must result
in an integral type, meaning an int or a char

• It cannot be a boolean value, a floating point

value (float or double), a byte, a short, or a long

• The implicit boolean condition in a switch

statement is equality - it tries to match the
expression with a value

• You cannot perform relational checks with a switch

statement
 Switch example
char letter = 'b';
switch (letter) { char letter = 'b';
case 'a':
switch (letter) {
System.out.println("A"); case 'a':
break; System.out.println("A");
case 'b': case 'b':
System.out.println("B"); System.out.println("B");
break; case 'c':
case 'c': System.out.println("C");
System.out.println("C"); break;
break; case 'd':
case 'd': System.out.println("D");
break;
System.out.println("D");
default:
break; System.out.println(”?");
default: }
System.out.println(”?");
}
Iteration Statements
• Iteration statements allow us to execute a
statement multiple times
• Often they are referred to as loops
• Like conditional statements, they are controlled by
boolean expressions
• The programmer should choose the right kind of
loop for the situation
 The for Statement
• The for statement has the following syntax:
The initialization
is executed once The statement is
Reserved
before the loop begins executed until the
word
condition becomes false

for (initialization; condition; increment)

statement;

The increment portion is executed at the end of each iteration

The condition-statement-increment cycle is executed repeatedly
Logic of a for loop

initialization

condition
evaluated

true false
statement

increment
for Example
final int LIMIT = 5;
for (int count = 1; count <= LIMIT; count++) {
System.out.println(count);
}
Output:

1
2
3
4
5
The for Statement
• Each expression in the header of a for loop is
optional
• If the initialization is left out, no initialization is

performed
• If the condition is left out, it is always

considered to be true, and therefore creates an

infinite loop
• If the increment is left out, no increment

operation is performed
• Both semi-colons are always required in the for
loop header
 The while Statement
• The while statement has the following syntax:
while is a while (condition)
reserved word statement;

If the condition is true, the statement is executed.

Then the condition is evaluated again.

• The statement is executed repeatedly until the

condition becomes false.

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 Logic of a while Loop

condition
evaluated

true false

statement

Note that if the condition of a while statement is false

initially, the statement is never executed. Therefore,
the body of a while loop will execute zero or more
times
while Loop Example
final int LIMIT = 5;
int count = 1;
Output:
while (count <= LIMIT) {
System.out.println(count); 1
count += 1; 2
} 3
4
5
Infinite Loops
• The body of a while loop eventually must make
the condition false

• If not, it is an infinite loop, which will execute until

the user interrupts the program

• This is a common logical error

• You should always double check to ensure that
your loops will terminate normally

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 The do Statement
• The do statement has the following syntax:
do and do{
while are statement;
reserved } while (condition);
words

• The statement is executed once initially,and then the

condition is evaluated
• The statement is executed repeatedly until the
condition becomes false
do-while Example
final int LIMIT = 5;
int count = 1;
Output:
do {
1
System.out.println(count); 2
count += 1; 3
4
} while (count <= LIMIT); 5
Comparing while and do
while loop do loop

statement
condition
evaluated
true
true false condition
evaluated
statement
false
Nested Loops
• Similar to nested if statements, loops can be
nested as well

• That is, the body of a loop can contain another

loop

• Each time through the outer loop, the inner loop

goes through its full set of iterations
Choosing a Loop Structure
• When you can’t determine how many times you
want to execute the loop body, use a while
statement or a do statement
• If it might be zero or more times, use a while
statement
• If it will be at least once, use a do statement

• If you can determine how many times you want to

execute the loop body, use a for statement