Medical Terminology

Chapter 12
Reproductive System

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Medical Terminology

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Function

The male and female

reproductive systems include the
gonads (ovaries and testes),
where sex cells and hormones are
produced, and other organs,
ducts, and glands that transport
and sustain the egg or sperm cell.
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Anatomy and
Physiology

Female reproductive system includes:

Ovaries produce

Sex cells
Hormones

Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Accessory glands
External genital structure
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Anatomy and
Physiology

Combining word form genit(o)

Organ of reproduction
Another word form for genitals is
Genitalia
Uro/genit/al means
Pertaining to the urinary and
reproductive system
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Anatomy and
Physiology

Combining word form means woman or

female
Gynec(o)
The medical specialty that treats disease
of the female reproductive tract is:
Gynecology
Gynecoloc/ic means pertain to
gynecology or
Study of diseases that occur only in
female
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Anatomy and
Physiology

Internal structures
Left ovary and associated left
fallopian/uterine tube
Right ovary and associated right
fallopian/uterine tube
Uterus
Vagina
Special glands
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Anatomy and
Physiology

Combining word form ovari(o)

Structure of the ovary
Suffix an means
Pertaining to
Ovarian means
Pertaining to the ovary
Combining word form oophor(o)
Diagnostic and surgical terms
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Anatomy and
Physiology

Disease of the ovaries is

oophoropathy
Combining word form salping(o)
means
Uterine tube
Surgical removal of a uterine tube is
Salpingectomy
Combining word forms uter(o)
hyster(o) and metr(o) means
Uterus
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Anatomy and
Physiology

Greeks use the word hysterikos to refer to

Suffering in the womb
Emotional upheaval caused by this
suffering
Combining word forms vagin(o) and
colp(o) means
Vagina
Combining word form cysto(o) means
Bladder
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Anatomy and
Physiology

External structures

Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Prepuce
Opening to glands
Paraurethral
Vestibular

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Anatomy and
Physiology

Combining word form vulv(o) means

External genitalia in the female
Vulv/ar or vulv/al pertains to the
Vulva
Vestibule is
Any space or cavity at entrance to a canal
Combining word form perine(o) means
Perineum
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Anatomy and
Physiology

Combining word form cervix

means
Neck
Colpo/cervic/al refers to
Vagina and cervix

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Anatomy and
Physiology

Combining word form metr(o) means

Uterus or to measure
The uterus is composed of three
layers of tissue
Perimetrium outer most layer
Myometrium middle layer
Endometrium means inner most layer
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Anatomy and
Physiology

Prefix peri- means

Around
Combining word form my(o)
means
Muscle

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Anatomy and
Physiology

Monthly cycle of growth and discharge

of endometrium is
Menstrual cycle
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
secrete hormones that act on the
ovaries

Production of ova
Production of estrogen
Production of progesterone
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Anatomy and
Physiology

Cyclic bloody discharge from shedding

of the endometrium
Menstruation
Female reproductive cycle begins at
Puberty
The first menstruation is the
Menarche
Natural cessation of reproductive cycle
is
Menopause
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Anatomy and
Physiology

Secretion of female reproductive

hormones follows monthly cyclic
patterns that affect the ovaries
and uterus
Ovarian cycle
Menstrual (uterine) cycle

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Anatomy and
Physiology

Ovarian phase
Follicular phase days 1-5/6-12
Growth of follicle
Secretion of estrogen
Ovulation is days 13-14
Ova released by the follicle
Luteal phase days 15-28
Follicle becomes corpus luteum
Secretes progesterone
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Anatomy and
Physiology

Uterine (menstrual) phase

Menses days 1-5
Blood is shed form the vagina
Proliferative phase days 6-12/13-14
Growth of the endometruim
Proliferative phase continues
Secretory phase days 15-28
Continued growth of endometruim
Secretion of glycogen
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Diagnostic Tests &

Procedures

Physical assessment of female

reproductive system includes
Breasts
External genitalia
Pelvis
Instrument for examining vagina
Vaginal speculum
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Diagnostic Tests &

Procedures

Cyto/logy is
Study of cells
Cells of cervix examined to detect
vaginal infections
Yeast, Bacteria,Trichomonas
Pap smear for
Cancer cells
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Diagnostic Tests &

Procedures

Suffix plasia means development or

formation
Prefix dys- means bad
Dysplasia mean
Abnormal (bad) development of cervical
cells
Colposcopy is using a colposcope to
magnify the mucosa of the vagina and
cervix
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Diagnostic Tests &

Procedures

Cervical biopsy
Endometrial biopsy
Hysteroscopy
Direct visualization of cervical
canal and uterine cavity
Excision of cervical polyps or
biopsy
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Diagnostic Tests &

Procedures

Detecting masses
Pelvis ultrasonography
Computed tomography (CT scan)

Radiologic examination of uterus

and fallopian tubes
Hystersalpingography
Often done to look for obstruction
of fallopian tube
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Diagnostic Tests &

Procedures

Examination of abdominal cavity

with a laparoscope
Can be done to view pelvic cavity
Laparoscopy

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Pathologies

Menorrhagia
Abnormally heavy or long
menstrual period
Metorrhagia
Hemorrhage of the uterus

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Pathologies

Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation
Dysmenorrhea
Painful or difficult menstruation
Mittelschmerz
Abdominal pain in the region of
the ovary during ovulation
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Pathologies

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Nervous tension, irritability,
edema, headache, and painful
breasts that can occur the last
few days before the onset of
menstruation

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Pathologies

Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix
Possible Causes

Chlamydia
Yeast (Candida ablicans)
Trichomonas vaginalis
Gonorrhea
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Pathologies

Vaginitis
Inflammation of vaginal tissues
Possible causes

Sexual intercourse
Following childbirth
After taking antibiotics

Colpitis
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Pathologies

Vulvitis
Inflammation of vulva
Vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of vulva and vagina

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Pathologies

Oophoritis
Inflammation of an ovary
Oophoralgia
Ovarian pain
Oophorosalpingitis
Inflammation of an ovary and
fallopian tube
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Pathologies

Anovulation
Absence of ovulation
Possible causes

Altered ovarian function

Side effects of medications
Result of disease
Stress
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Pathologies

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Anovulation
Amenorrhea
Infertility

Caused by
Increased levels of testosterone,
estrogen, and lutenizing hormone
and decreased secretion of FSH
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Pathologies

Ovarian Cancer
Leading cause of death from
reproductive cancers
Difficult to diagnose
Usually spread by the time it is
found
Sonography or CT scan to look for
ovarian mass
Often requires exploratory surgery
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Pathologies

Salpingocele
Hernial protrusion of a fallopian tube
Salpingitis
Inflammation of a fallopian tube
Ectopic pregnancy
Outside the uterine cavity
Tubal pregnancy
Implanted in the fallopian tube
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Pathologies

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Infection that involves the upper genital tract
beyond the cervix
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

Sudden high fever

Headache
Confusion
Acute renal failure
Abnormal liver function

Caused by staphylococcus
Most common among women who use tampons
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Pathologies

Uterine cancer
Stage I uterus only
Stage II cervix also involved
Stage III spread beyond uterus
but still within pelvic cavity
Stage IV spread beyond the pelvis
most often spreading to liver
and/or lungs
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Pathologies

Hysteroptosis
Uterine prolapse
Uterine displacements

Anteversion
Retroversion
Anteflexion
Retroflexion
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Pathologies

Uterine leiomyoma
Uterine fibroid (benign tumor)
Cervical polyps
Myometritis
Inflammation of the myometrium
Endometritis
Inflammation of the endometrium
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Pathologies

Endometriosis
Abnormal condition in which
endometrium tissue is outside the
uterus, usually within the pelvic cavity
Vulvitis
Inflammation of the vulva
Leukorrhea
Normal white discharge before and
after the menstrual period
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Pathologies

Colpodynia
Pain of the vagina
Cystocele
Protrusion of the bladder through
the wall of the vagina
Rectocele
Rectum is displaced causing
bulging of the posterior vaginal wall
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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

An agent that prevents pregnancy

Prefix contra- (against)
Contraceptive
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Combination of estrogen and
progesterone
Transition symptoms
High risk for osteoporosis, abnormal loss of
bone density, and deterioration of bone tissue
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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

Treatments for infections of the

vulva, vagina, or cervix

Oral antibiotics
Topical antibiotics
Vaginal creams
Vaginal suppositories

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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

Suturing of the vagina is

Colporrhaphy
Surgical repair of the vagina is
Colpoplasty
Surgical fixation of an ovary is
Oophoropexy
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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions
Oophoro/hyster/ectomy is

Removal of ovaries and uterus

Oophorectomy is
Removal of the ovaries
Oophorosalpingectomy is
Removal of uterine tube and an ovary
Salpingo-oophorectomy is
Removal of uterine tube and an ovary
Hyster/ectomy
Removal of the uterus
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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

Hysterectomy with bilateral

oophorosalpingectomy
Removal of the uterus and both ovaries
and both fallopian tubes
Colpo/hyster/ectomy is
Removal of uterus by way of the vagina
Laparo/hyster/ectomy is
Removal of uterus through a small
opening in the abdominal wall
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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

Excision of uterine tube is

Salpingectomy
Tubal ligation
Permanent sterilization
Dilation and curettage (D & C)
Cervix dilated
Scraping of endometrium
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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

Suffix therapy means

Treatment
Treatment for dysplasia
Biopsy
Cryo/therapy
Cold treatment
Cautery
Irradiation
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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

Surgical fixation of a displaced

uterus
Hysteropexy
Surgical fixation of uterine tube is
Salpingopexy

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Anatomy & PhysiologyMale

Male reproductive system

Produces, sustains and transport
sperm
Introduces sperm into female vagina
Produces hormones
Primary organ of male reproductive
system is
Male gonads testes
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Anatomy & PhysiologyMale

external

genitalia
scrotum
testicles
penis
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Anatomy & PhysiologyMale

internal

internal genitalia
vas deferens
prostate gland
urethra
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Anatomy & PhysiologyMale

sperm

singular
spermatozoon
plural
spermatozoa
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Anatomy & PhysiologyMale

urologist
medical

doctor specializing
in treating diseases and
disorders of urinary system
of females, genitourinary
system of males
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Pathology Of Male
Reproductive System
balanitis - inflammation of glans
penis
impotence - erectile dysfunction inability to achieve or maintain
an erection
phimosis - narrowing of foreskin

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Pathology Of Male
Reproductive System
anorchism - absence of one or
both testicles
cryptorchidism - undescended
testicles-one testicle fails to
descend into scrotum
epididymitis - inflammation of
epididymitis

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Pathology continued

hydrocele - hernia in the testicles

or tubes
testitis - inflammation of one or
both testes
varicocele - varicose vein of
testicle (may cause male infertility)
azoospermia - absence of sperm in
semen
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Pathology continued
oligospermia - low sperm
count
benign prostatic hypertrophy BPH - enlarged prostate
prostate cancer - most
common cancer in males slow or fast growth

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Pathology continued
prostatitis - inflammation of
the prostate gland
prostatorrhea - discharge of
prostatic fluid through urethra
prostatomegaly enlarged
prostate

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Diagnostic Procedures Of
Male Reproductive
System

PSA - prostatic specific antigen blood screening test to check for

cancer of prostate
sperm analysis - sperm count semen is analyzed to determine
sperm count, shape, size and motility
TSE - testicular self-examination monthly self exam to check for
abnormalities
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Treatment Procedures Of
Male Reproductive
System

circumcision - surgical removal

of foreskin
orchidectomy - surgical
removal of one or both testes
varicocelectomy - removal of
portion of enlarged vein to
relieve varicocele

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Treatment Procedures Of
Male Reproductive
System
castration - bilateral
orchidectomy - surgical
removal of both testicles
sterilization - procedure to
make individual incapable
of reproduction
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Treatments continued
vasectomy

- portion of vas
deferens is removed to
prevent sperm in semen
vasovasostomy procedure to restore
fertility after vasectomy
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Treatments continued
prostatectomy - surgical
removal of all or part of
prostate gland
radical prostatectomy - surgical
removal of entire prostate
gland, seminal vesicles and
some surrounding tissue

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Treatments continued

TURP - transurethral resection of

the prostate - removal of all or
part of prostate through the
urethra
radiation therapy - treatment to
control prostate cancer
hormone therapy - treatment to
control prostate cancer
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Medical Terminology
Chapter 13
Reproduction and
Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
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Reproduction

Gonads
Ovaries
Testes

Produce ova and sperm

A gamete is a reproductive cell
Ovum
Spermatozoon
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Reproduction

Zygote
The product of fertilization
Suffix blast means
Embryonic or early form
Ooblast is
Immature ovum
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Reproduction

Combining word form for amni(o) means

Amnion
Pertaining to amnion is
Amniotic
Combining word form chori(o)
Chorion
Pertaining to chorion is
Chorionic
Amniochorionic pertaining to 2
membranes
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Reproduction

Placenta
Highly vascular structure that nourishes
the fetus
Oxygen, nutrients, and antibodies diffuse
from the mother to fetal blood vessels
Fetal wastes diffuse from the fetal blood
into the maternal blood
Placenta secretes progesterone to
maintain the uterus during pregnancy
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Pregnancy and
Childbirth

Prefix pre- means before

Combining word form nat(o)
means birth
Another name for pregnancy is
Prenatal period or gestation
A term that means childbirth is
Parturition
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Pregnancy and
Childbirth

Average period of gestation is 266

days from the date of fertilization.
(38 weeks)
Expected date of delivery 280
days from the first day of the last
menstrual period. (40 weeks)

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Pregnancy and
Childbirth

Suffix gravida refers to

Pregnant female
Prefix primi- means
First
Primi/gravida is
Female during first pregnancy
Gravida I
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Pregnancy and
Childbirth

Prefix multi- means many

multi/gravida means
Female pregnant more than once
Combining word form par(o) or
suffix
para means
Producing or bearing viable offspring
Par/ous refers to
Producing viable offspring
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Pregnancy and
Childbirth

Para I means or primi/para is

Female produced one viable offspring
Prefix quadri- means
Four
Prefix nulli- means
None
Nulli/para
Produced no viable offspring
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Pregnancy and
Childbirth

Labor
Process by which the child is
expelled from the uterus
Three stages of labor
Cervical dilation
Expulsion
Placental and postpartum stage
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Pregnancy and
Childbirth

4th stage Postpartum

Hour or two after delivery when
uterine tone is established
Cesarean delivery
Surgical procedure in which the
abdomen and uterus are incised
and the baby is removed from the
uterus
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Pregnancy and
Childbirth

Postpartum after birth

Prefix ante- means before
Ante/natal refers to
Time before birth
Prenatal also means the time
before birth
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Pregnancy and
Childbirth

Postnatal means
Time after birth
Prefix neo- means new
Neo/natal refers to
First 28 days after birth
Neonate is a
Newborn child
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Pregnancy and
Childbirth

Branch of medicine specializes in

care of newborn is
Neonatology
Physician specializes in
neonatology is
Neonatologist
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Diagnostic Tests &

Procedures

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Hormone that is tested for in pregnancy
tests
Pelvimetry
Measurement of the pelvis used to
estimate the size of the birth canal
Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
Babys head too large with birth canal
too small
Most likely a cesarean will need to be
done
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Diagnostic Tests &

Procedures

Sonography (Ultrasound)
Used to assess for structural
abnormalities and monitor fetal
development
Amniocentesis
Used to aid in the assessment of
fetal growth and diagnosis of genetic
defects or other abnormalities
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Diagnostic Tests &

Procedures

Chorionic villus sampling

Used for prenatal diagnosis of potential
genetic defects
Fetoscope
Stethoscope for assessing fetal heart
rate
Electronic fetal monitor
Used during labor to monitor the fetal
heart and record the fetal heart rate
and maternal uterine contractions
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Pathologies

Ectopic or extrauterine pregnancy

Whenever a fertilized ovum implants
anywhere other than the uterus
(outside the usual place)

Uterine tube
Ovary
Cervix
Abdominal cavity

Products of fertilization are removed

surgically
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Pathologies

Suffix cyesis means pregnancy

Prefix pseudo- means false
False pregnancy is
Pseudo/cyesis
May be psychogenic or caused by
a physical disorder
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Pathologies

Preeclampsia

Acute high blood pressure

Proteinuria (protein in the urine)
Edema

Eclampsia
Seizures
Coma
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Pathologies

Abruptio pregnancy
Separation of the placenta from
the uterine wall after 20 weeks
Placenta previa
Placenta is implanted abnormally
in the uterus
Stillbirth fetus died before or
during delivery
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Pathologies

Dystocia
Abnormal or difficult labor
Down syndrome
Extra chromosome (#21)
Moderate to severe mental
retardation
Additional genetic defects
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Pathologies

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Maternal-fetal blood group
incompatibility
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Immature bed blood cell

Baby born anemic

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Pathologies

Fetal presentation entering

birth canal
Cephalic (normal) head
Breech buttocks
Shoulder

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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

Amniotomy
Deliberate rupture of the fetal membranes
Oxytocin
Used as a drug to induce or augment
uterine contractions
Episiotomy
Surgical procedure in which an incision is
made in the female perineum to enlarge
her vaginal opening for delivery
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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

Combining word form lapar(o)

means
Abdominal wall
Incision of the abdominal wall is
Laparo/tomy
Suturing of the abdominal wall is
Laparorrhaphy
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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

Contraception
Against conception
Birth control

Oral
Implants
Patches
Injectable

Intrauterine device (IUD)

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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

Spermicide
Chemical substance that kills sperm
Permanent sterilization of a female is
Tubal ligation
Permanent sterilization of a male is
Vas/ectomy
vasovasostomy - procedure to
restore fertility after vasectomy
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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

Hysterectomy (surgical removal of the

uterus)
Conception is not possible after surgery
Infertility
Condition of not being able to produce
offspring
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Fertilization of the ova takes place
outside of the body
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Surgical & Therapeutic

Interventions

Abortion
Termination of a pregnancy before
the fetus is capable of surviving
outside of the uterus
Spontaneous miscarriage
Deliberate

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Sexually Transmitted
Diseases

Caused by infectious organisms

passed form one person to
another through
Anal
Oral
Vaginal intercourse
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Sexually Transmitted
Diseases

Venereal disease (STDs) named for

Venus goddess of love
Causes of STDs are

Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Parasites
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Sexually Transmitted
Diseases

Gonorrhea
Caused by gonococcus bacteria
(gram negative intracellular
diplococci
Heavy urethral discharge in males
Females may be asymptomatic
Treated with penicillin
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Sexually Transmitted
Diseases

Syphilis caused by a spirochete

Characterized by
Lymphadenopathy
Chancre
Congenital syphilis

NWTC

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Sexually Transmitted
Diseases

Chlamydia infection
symptom is
Dys/uria
Difficult (painful urination)
Complication PID
Herpes genitals
Viral infection characteristic
Genital blisters and ulceration
NWTC

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Sexually Transmitted
Diseases

Genital herpes during pregnancy

can cause
Spontaneous abortion
Stillbirth
Congenital birth defects
Prevented by cesarean section
NWTC

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Sexually Transmitted
Diseases

Condyloma acuminatum is
commonly called
Genital warts
At risk for cervical cancer
HIV virus causes
AIDS
Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C
NWTC

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Sexually Transmitted
Diseases

Trichomoniasis is caused by a
Protozoan
Candidiasis is an
Fungal infection
Vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of the vulva and vagina
Pubic lice
NWTC

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Chapter 12 and 13
Class Exercises

NWTC

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Meaning
of
Word
Parts

Antebefore
colp(o)
vagina
metr(o)
uterine tissue or measure
cervic(o)
cervix, uteri or neck
-cyesis
pregnancy
NWTC

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Meaning
of
Word
Parts

Prebefore
ecto
situated outside
-para
female who has given birth
hyster(o)
uterus
extraoutside
NWTC

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Meaning
of
Word
Parts

Lapar(o)
abdominal wall
orchid(o)
testes
genit(o)
organs of reproduction
men(o)
month
gon(o)
genitals or reproduction
NWTC

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Meaning
of
Word
Parts

Multimany
primifirst
neo
new
post
after or behind
nullinone
NWTC

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What is the Combining

Form?
Sperm

Sperm
spermat(o)
egg
o(o)
ovary
oophor(o)
hidden
crypt(o)
NWTC

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What is the Combining

Form?
birth
birth

nat(o)
chorion
chori(o)
uterine
tube
salping(o)
NWTC

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Male - Female - Both

Laparohysteropexy
female
anorchism
male
endometrium
female
epididymitis
male
hysterosalpingogram
female
NWTC

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Male - Female - Both

Metrorrhagia
female
vas deferens
male
uterine leiomyoma
female
toxic shock syndrome
female
orchidectomy
male
NWTC

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What does it mean?

Formation of an opening into a

uterine tube
salpingostomy
outside of the uterus
extrauterine
occurring after birth
postnatal
surgical fixation of an ovary
oophoropexy
NWTC

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What ofdoes
it mean?
Inflammation
the prostate
prostatitis
pertaining to the testes
testicular
inflammation of the uterine lining
endometritis
uterine prolapse
hystoptosis
suture of the ductus deferens
vasorrhaphy
NWTC

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Spelling

Prostratitis
prostatitis
menorhagia
menorrhagia
vulvektomy
vulvectomy
histerctomy
hysterectomy
varicosele
varicocele
NWTC

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Spelling

Epididimitis
epididymitis
laporoscopy
laparoscopy
trichamoniasis
trichomoniasis
urojenital
urogenital
NWTC

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What does it Mean?

Ovary
female gland
Amniocentesis
surgical puncture of the thin
membrane that covers the fetus
Myometritis
inflammation of the muscular
substance/layer of the uterus
NWTC

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What does it Mean?

Fetus
3 month old developing organism
Circumcision
surgical removal of the prepuce
Prostatectomy
excision of all or part of the
prostate gland
Aspermatogenesis
absence of sperm production
NWTC

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What does it Mean?

Cryptorchidism or cryptorchism
undescended testicle
Anorchism
congenital absence of testes
unilateral or bilateral, a synonym for
anorchidism
Dilatation and Curettage
dilatation of the cervical opening and
scraping of the uterine wall
NWTC

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What
does
it
Mean?
Laparoscopy
examination of the interior of the
abdomen with laparoscope, another
term for pelvic peritoneoscopy
Oophoropathy
any disease of the ovary
Salpingectomy
excision of an uterine tube
Hysteropexy
surgical fixation of the uterus
NWTC

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What
does
it
Mean?
Oophoroma
ovarian tumor
Salpingoplasty
surgical repair of an uterine tube
Hysteromalacia
abnormal softening of the uterus
Colpoplasty
surgical repair of the vagina
Orchiepididymitis
inflammation of testicle and
epididymis
NWTC

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What is the Combining

Form?
Uterine tube

salping(o)
Chorion
chori(o)
Birth
nat(o)
Hidden
crypt(o)
NWTC

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What is the Combining

Form?
Semen

semin(o)
Ovary
oophor(o)
Egg
o(o)
Sperm
spermat(o)
NWTC

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What does it mean?

Antebefore
Extraoutside
Hyster(o)
uterus
-para
female who has given birth
NWTC

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What does it mean?

Ectosituated outside
Prebefore
-cyesis
pregnancy
Cervic(o)
cervix, uteri, or neck
NWTC

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What does it mean?

Metr(o)
uterine tissue or measure
Colp(o)
vagina
Laparohysterectomy
removal of the uterus
Laparotomy
incision of the abdominal wall
NWTC

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What does it mean?

Abortion
termination of pregnancy before
fetus is capable of survival
outside the uterus
Human chorionic gonadotropin
a hormone that is present in body
fluids of pregnant females and
forms the basis of most
pregnancy tests
NWTC

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What does it mean?

Neonatologist
a physician who specializes in
conditions of newborns
Postnatal
the time after birth
Ectopic
outside the usual place
Salpingocyesis
tubal pregnancy
NWTC

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