What is
Problem-Based-Learning(PBL)?
A
teaching method in which students gain
knowledge and skills by working for an
extended period of time to investigate and
respond to a complex question, problem,or
challenge
Students dont just learn
the course content, they
learn how to learn!
Historical background
of pbl
First application of PBL
most strict and pure form of PBL
was in medical schoolsrigorously(tightly) test
the knowledge base of graduates
Keep up with new information in their
field, and the skill of life-long learning is
particularly important for them
Why do we need
to use pbl
Resulted from the findings of research : Bok 1989- Students retain(mengekalkan) little of what
they learn when taught in a traditional lecture
format
Schmidt 1983- Students often do not
appropriately use the knowledge they have
learned
Students forget of what is learned, instructors
should create conditions:that optimize retrieval
appropriate use of the knowledge in FUTURE
professional practice
Conditions that information theory links to subsequent
retrieval and appropriate use of new information (Schmidt
1983):
1.
2.
3.
Activation of prior knowledge students apply knowledge to
understand new information
Similarity of contexts in which information is learned and later
applied - research shows that knowledge is much more likely to be
remembered or recalled in context in which it was originally
learned (Godden and Baddeley 1975).
Opportunity to elaborate on information that is learned during
the problem-solving process - elaborations provide redundancy in
memory structure, reduces forgetting, and facilitates retrieval.
ELABORATION occurs in discussion with peers, peer-teaching,
EXCHANGING views, and preparing essays about what students have
learned during the problem-solving process.
Characteristics of PBL
Learning - student centered
small student groups
Teachers are facilitators or guides
Problems form - organizing focus and stimulus for learning
New information is acquired through self-directed learning
Shifts away from short, isolated teacher centered lessons
Teaches students to apply what they have learned in
university to life-long endeavors
PBL In Classroom
I.
These are several models of how PBL works in the
classroom:students work through a series of problems designed
to:
a)
b)
c)
d)
II.
III.
be authentic (i.e. address real-world concerns)
target defined areas of the curriculum
be "ill-structured" - they must be defined and analyzed
through inquiry from a minimum of presenting information
approximate the real world, so that students find
themselves actually engaged in the problem and not just
observers of it
the role of the instructor changes from a "sage on the
stage" to a "guide on the side"
students work collaboratively in small groups toward
the problem's resolution
PBL PROCESS
PROCESS
PURPOSE
Students read and address problem,
without background preparation
students will encode and organize
Students discuss and analyze problem
using prior knowledge and resources
available.
Development of :cognitive skills for problem-solving
process
self-monitoring skills to identify the
learning needs
habitual student-initiated
questioning
information in useful ways
find what they know and what they
dont know
Misconceptions (salah faham) can be
corrected in discussion of the problem
Students decide what they need to Self-directed study
know and where they might best
find the information. They decide
which resources to use (people,
published papers)
Students revisit problem with new
information and knowledge acquired
during self-study
New organization of information to
problem-solve
Students should think about how what Reflection
Self-assessment
they learned has added to their
understanding
FACTS
What we know
IDEAS
What we think
LEARNING NEEDS
What we need to know
Identify Problem
Generate Ideas
Reevaluate the Problem
Organize/Prioritize Ideas
Derive Learning Needs
Learning Resources
New Facts
New Ideas
Test Ideas
Revise Ideas
Traditional
Tutor
Students
PBL
Tutor
Students
Advantages of PBL
Emphasis
on Meaning-Not Facts
Increased Self Direction
Higher Comprehension and Better Skill
Development
Interpersonal Skills and Teamwork
Self-Motivated Attitude
Facilitator-Student Relationship
Level of Learning Increases
Disavantages of PBL
Finding
Faculty
The
is
enough tutors - 1 for each 6 students
busy with traditional curriculum
range of topics which can be discussed
a limiting factor - quality control is difficult
Heavy on library, computer resources,
support
Inherent conflict with lectures - waste of time
Reliable Vs Unreliable
Sources?
RELIABLE
UNRELIABLE
True information
False information
When researching, you always
Authors may not have a
need to be sure that you are
thorough knowledge or full
getting your information
understanding of the topic
from reliable sources
Example: Journals with complete Examples: WIKIPEDIA
specification
anyone can post information on
Details about:
the internet
Author
we need to be CRITICAL
Publisher
READERS in order to determine
How To Identify
Reliable Vs Unreliable
Sources?
RELIABLE
online sites and organizations,
look at the URLs ending:
Eg:
.edu-education organisation
.gov- reliable government website
.org- non-profit organization
Online journals and magazines
contain a bibliography for every article
News sources
Every television and print news source has a website
Beware! Sometimes their focus is to entertain
rather than inform
UNRELIABLE
online sources with an URL
.com
.html-
website
General examples :
Wikipedia
Blog
Facebook
Forums
METHODOLOGY
Problem
Class
Based Learning on Reliable sources
Details
KPS 3014: Management of Learning
(Pengurusan Pembelajaran)
DR.MUHAMMED YUSUF (Group:P)
Title : Information of students in class
Total student
51
Male
22
Female
29
Groups
13 (3-4/group)
THE WORM ARTICLE
(CONCLUSION)
Students was applied the Traditional method as
well as modern method(PBL ) to make their
conclusion
Traditional method:
All
the groups Unreliable sources
Support answer with basic fact of the article
Eg:
No author
No publisher
No date was state ,etc
Modern method(PBL)
Apply
creative and critical thinking
Make some specific/detailed question from the article
Analyze
Based on that , they made an effective conclusion
Eg:
Background of the author
Measurement tools that were used
As the conclusion the modern method (PBL) helps
the student to think more deeply on the topic and
they can make a decision with factual reasons.
So that this type of tutorials makes student to think
more rationally and accept high level of learning.
