Smart Grid

implementation in
Transmission System

Contents
Need of Smart grid
Building blocks
Key Technologies
Smart Grid for Transmission System
Conclusion

Need of Smart Grid

Large gap between generation and load
Uncontrolled power transfer
Overloading of system components
Higher losses in the system
Lack of reactive power support and regulation
services
Poorly planned distribution network
Low metering efficiency and bill collection
Power theft

Definition
The term Smart Grid was coined by Andres E.
Carvallo on April 24, 2007 at an IDC energy
conference in Chicago.
Smart grid is integration of an electric grid,
communication network , software and hardware to
monitor, control and manage the creation,
distribution, storage and consumption of energy.
The smart grid is not a thing but a vision to
achieve.
The vision can be expressed in terms of its
values, characteristics and milestones to achieve.

Smart Grid values

Reliability
Security
Economies
Efficiency
Environment friendly
Safety

Smart Grid characteristics

Accommodate all generation and storage
options
Enable new products, services and
markets
Power quality
Optimize assets
Self healing (Automation)
Resist attack
Active participation by consumers

Key Technologies
Advanced Control

Sensing and
Measurement

Integrated
communication

Advanced
Components

Improved interface
and Decision

Key Technologies
Integrated communication
High speed fully integrated two way communication technology
It will be utilized for real time information and power exchange to
optimize system reliability, asset utilization and security.
Areas of improvements include substation automation, distribution
automation, SCADA and Energy management system.
Sensing and monitoring
Aimed at evaluation of congestion and grid stability, monitoring
equipment health, energy theft and control strategies support.
Includes use of smart meters, wide area measurement system and
digital protective relays.

Key Technologies
Advanced components
Innovation in materials, power electronics and diagnostic
components.
Includes FACTs devices, HVDC, superconducting wires,
distributed energy generation, storage devices, composite
conductors and intelligent devices.
Advanced controls
Automation will enable rapid diagnosis and timely
response event.
Includes analysis tools and operational applications such
as SCADA, WAMS and substation automation.
It will support market pricing and enhance asset
management.

Key Technologies
Improved interface and decision support
Smart grid require real time use of applications and tools
that enables grid operators and managers to take decision
quickly.
Includes visualization techniques that reduces large data
into easily understood visual formats, software system
providing multiple options and simulators.

Smart Grid for Transmission

Major Challenges
1)Grid Management
2)Dispatch with the renewables

Technologies

3)Limited observability

Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)

4)Dynamic state of system

Dynamic Line Rating (DLR)

5)Monitoring real time Voltage

and Power flows

Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS)

6)Congestion Management
7)Efficient system models
8)Fault Analysis
9)System control
10)Bottlenecks in
communication facilities

Renewable Management System (RMS)

High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) conductor
City Monitoring System (CMS)
Automated Fault Analysis System (AFAS)

Flexible A.C Transmission System

(FACTS)

Why FACTS
Increase in electricity demand requires increase in both
generation and transmission.
Compare to generation, expansion of transmission is
much difficult in terms of investment and right of way.
Higher transmission voltages is one of the solution.
Power electronics technology can be best utilized for
system enhancement.
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) is developed
to improve the performance of long distance a.c
transmission.
HVDC can also be used for long distance transmission
with various added advantages over conventional a.c
system.

What is FACTS
Definition : AC transmission systems incorporating the power
electronic-based and other static controllers to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability.
FACTS
Controllers
Thyristor based converter

Series

Shunt

Voltage source converter

Series-Series

TCSC

SVC

SSSC

STATCOM

IPFC

Series-Shunt

UPFC

Benefits of FACTS
Increase in power transfer capability
Steady state and transient stability
enhancement
Dynamic reactive power compensation
Reduced transmission losses
Voltage regulation
Damping of oscillations
Increasing existing grid utilization
Improvement of power quality
Limiting short circuit current

FACTS Controllers
Series controllers
It can be variable impedance type such as capacitor,
reactor etc or power electronics based variable source.
It injects voltage in series with line.
If injected voltage is in phase quadrature with line
current it only supplies or absorbs reactive power.

Shunt controllers
It can be variable impedance, variable source or
combination of both.
It injects current in to system at point of connection.
If injected current is in phase quadrature with line
voltage it supplies or absorbs reactive power.

Thyristor based controller

Active power flow

V1 * V2
P12
sin(1 2 )
x
Reactive power flow
2

V1 V1 * V2
Q12

cos(1 2 )
x
x

Control variables
Phase difference : 1 - 2
Voltages : V1 V2
Line reactance : x

TCSC
Thyristor Control Series Capacitor (TCSC)
A capacitive reactance compensator which
consists of a series capacitor bank shunted by a
thyristor-controlled reactor in order to provide a
smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.

TCSC applications
Transient stability enhancement
stability enhancement

Without series capacitor

V1 * V2
P12
sin(1 2 )
x

Voltage

W ith series capacitor

V1 * V2
P12
sin(1 2 )
x - xc

SVC Configurations

Voltage source converter

Active power
Vs * Vc
P
sin
Xt
Reactive power
Vs (Vc cos Vs )
Q
Xt

Control variables
Phase difference :
Voltages : Vc

Voltage source converter

STATCOM
Static synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
STATCOM is the voltage-source converter, which
converts a DC input voltage into AC output voltage in
order to compensate the active and reactive power
needed by the system.

Cost for FACTS devices

HVDC
The High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology is
used to transmit electricity over long distances by
overhead transmission lines or submarine cables.

Benefits of HVDC
Total investment cost is lower for long transmission
lines.
Power flow can be controlled easily
Lower losses compared with a.c system
Asynchronous interconnection possible
Absence of Skin and Ferranti effect
Less corona and radio interference
Ground can be used as return conductor
Limits short circuit current
HVDC cable for long distance water crossing

Wide Area Measurement System

Why WAMS
Facilitates:

Synchronized wide area system visualization

Dynamic measurement and representation of

events

Improving computational efficiency based on data

Detection of power system oscillations

Effective postmortem analysis

What is WAMS
A wide area measurement system (WAMS)
consists
of
advanced
measurement
technology, information tools, and operational
infrastructure that facilitate the understanding
and management of the increasingly complex
behavior exhibited by large power systems.

Advance measurement, Better visualization, Effective control

Copyright 2015 PRDC, Bangalore

Page #29

WAMS - Components

- PMU
- PDC

PMU to PDC
PDC to PDC

Visualizatio
n

Application
Measurement, Communication and Analysis
s
Copyright 2015 PRDC, Bangalore

Page #30

WAMS Applications

Copyright 2015 PRDC, Bangalore

Page #31

High Temperature Low Sag

(HTLS) Conductors

Why HTLS

Different Transmission Upgrade Options

Upgrade Method

Benefits

Challenges

Parallel single
circuit line

Possibility of operation during new

line construction

Right-of-way availability

Parallel line on
existing towers

Lower transmission losses due to

decrease in equivalent line
resistance

Expense for long duration of line

outage.

Voltage level
increase

Re-conductoring
with HTLS

Towers geometry may not support

double circuit.

Lower transmission losses due to Line outage duration expenses Righthigh voltage, low current
of-way availability Transformer cost
operation
Tower geometry may need
modifications
No upgrades in towers or
insulation

Cannot increase security rating

HTLS conductors
Re-stringing existing networks of 33 kV and higher
voltages presents one of the greatest opportunities
for energy efficiency gains worldwide, and one of the
least disruptive with respect to environmental and
social considerations.
HTLS conductors can be an economically viable
solution for increasing transmission capacity without
acquiring new right-of-way for new lines, and may be
the only practical solution for urbanized areas and
other areas where right-of-way constraints exist.
For new lines, HTLS conductors should be considered
where right-of-way constraints exist (e.g., near
airports); in general, HTLS conductors deliver built-in
efficiency gains which should be considered as part
of transmission expansion plans.

Different HTLS conductors

Aluminium Conductor Steel

Supported (ACSS)
(Super)Thermal-Resistant
Aluminium Alloys (TACSR)
Composite Cores (ACCC and
ACCR)
Invar Core (STACIR)
Gap-Type Conductors (GAP)

Comparison of Conductors based on various

parameters with respect to ACSR
Cost

Cost/
Capacit
y

Losses

TACSR

2.43

1.3

0.54

1.09

ACCR

2.57

3.75

1.46

0.96

GAP

2.6

1.5

0.58

0.82

ACSS

2.66

1.7

0.64

1.04

ACCC

2.8

2.5

0.9

0.74

STACIR

2.86

4.25

1.5

0.97

Conductor
Type

Current
Carrying
Capacity

ACSR

Automated Fault Analysis System

(AFAS)

Why AFAS
Facilitates:

Automatic retrieval of disturbance files at a

common location

Automatic fault diagnosis, report generation and

intimation to concerned personnel

Substation and system level analysis for a fault

Better fault location computation and hence

facilitates faster fault clearing

What is AFAS
Automated Fault Analysis System (AFAS) may be defined as
the ability of a specialized computer program to correlate and
analyse available data about power system faults and
disturbances.
Information extracted from AFAS can be utilized by
Operating personnel
Protection engineers
Maintenance crew

AFAS - Components

- Relays
- Analog Data
- Digital Data

Relay to SDC

File Diagnosis

SDC to Main DC

Reporting

AFAS - Process

AFAS
Data Collector

Report
Manager
Processed File Storage

AFAS - Architecture
Relays

Remote Access
System

Database Server

Event
records

Acquisition
and Format
Converter
Databa
se
Results
Filter

Client System

User
interface

AFAS
Engin
e

AFAS Server

AFAS Applications

AFAS Types of Analysis

Conclusion
Existing grid conditions need to be analyzed in detail
Smart grid project need to be executed in stages
Goals need to be prioritized based on the requirements
Adapting new technologies and keeping scope for future
compatibility
Strengthening existing grid with advanced technologies in
spite of going for new construction wherever possible.
Increase in customer participation and awareness is required
New investment options in power industry need to be
provided
Development in renewable energy sector
Optimization of existing resources is the need