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    Elastic Constants Ketul

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    Rambabu Vurimi
    Elastic constants describe how materials deform under stress or strain. The four main elastic constants for isotropic materials are: 1. Elastic modulus (E) or Young's modulus, which relates stress to longitudinal strain under tension or compression. 2. Poisson's ratio (ν), which relates the transverse to longitudinal strain. 3. Shear modulus (G), which relates shear stress to shear strain. 4. Bulk modulus (K), which relates average stress to relative volume change. The elastic constants E, G, and K are interrelated, with only two being independent for a given material. Elasticty and shear modulus tend to be higher for covalent compounds like diamond and lower

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    Elastic Constants Ketul

    Uploaded by

    Rambabu Vurimi
    975 views21 pages
    Elastic constants describe how materials deform under stress or strain. The four main elastic constants for isotropic materials are: 1. Elastic modulus (E) or Young's modulus, which relates stress to longitudinal strain under tension or compression. 2. Poisson's ratio (ν), which relates the transverse to longitudinal strain. 3. Shear modulus (G), which relates shear stress to shear strain. 4. Bulk modulus (K), which relates average stress to relative volume change. The elastic constants E, G, and K are interrelated, with only two being independent for a given material. Elasticty and shear modulus tend to be higher for covalent compounds like diamond and lower

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    Elastic constants describe how materials deform under stress or strain. The four main elastic constants for isotropic materials are: 1. Elastic modulus (E) or Young's modulus, which relates stress to longitudinal strain under tension or compression. 2. Poisson's ratio (ν), which relates the transverse to longitudinal strain. 3. Shear modulus (G), which relates shear stress to shear strain. 4. Bulk modulus (K), which relates average stress to relative volume change. The elastic constants E, G, and K are interrelated, with only two being independent for a given material. Elasticty and shear modulus tend to be higher for covalent compounds like diamond and lower

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    975 views21 pages

    Elastic Constants Ketul

    Uploaded by

    Rambabu Vurimi
    Elastic constants describe how materials deform under stress or strain. The four main elastic constants for isotropic materials are: 1. Elastic modulus (E) or Young's modulus, which relates stress to longitudinal strain under tension or compression. 2. Poisson's ratio (ν), which relates the transverse to longitudinal strain. 3. Shear modulus (G), which relates shear stress to shear strain. 4. Bulk modulus (K), which relates average stress to relative volume change. The elastic constants E, G, and K are interrelated, with only two being independent for a given material. Elasticty and shear modulus tend to be higher for covalent compounds like diamond and lower

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Elastic

    Constant

    ELASTIC CONSTANTS IN
    ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
    1.Elasticity Modulus (E)
    2. Poissons Ratio ( )
    3. Shear Modulus (G)
    4. Bulk Modulus (K)

    1. Modulus of Elasticity, E
    (Youngs Modulus)

    simple
    tension
    test

    E
    Linearelastic

    =E

    Units:
    E: [GPa]

    Slope of stress strain plot (which is


    proportional to the elastic modulus)
    depends on bond strength of metal

    E
    =

    Adapted from Fig. 6.7,


    Callister 7e.

    2. Poisson's ratio,
    is the ratio of
    transverse contraction strain
    to longitudinal extension
    strain in the direction of
    stretching force.
    Either transverse strain or
    longitudional strain is
    negative, is positive

    simple
    L tension
    test

    L
    T : Transverse Strain
    L : Longitudional Strain
    Units:
    : dimensionless

    Virtually all common materials


    undergo a transverse contraction
    when stretched in one direction and a
    transverse expansion when
    compressed.
    In an isotropic material the allowable
    (theoretical) range of Poisson's ratio is
    from -1.0 to +0.5, based on the theory
    metals: ~ 0.33
    of
    elasticity
    ceramics:
    ~ 0.25.
    polymers: ~ 0.40

    3. Shear Modulus, G

    M
    simple
    torsion
    test

    =G
    M

    Units:
    G: [GPa]

    4. Bulk Modulus, K
    P

    Initial Volume =
    V0

    Volume Change
    = VV

    avg = K

    Vo

    avg is the average


    of three stresses
    applied along
    three principal
    directions.

    P
    avg
    V
    K

    Vo
    Units:
    K: [GPa]

    Elastic
    Constants
    = E

    = G

    avg =

    Stress
    es

    Vo

    Strain
    s

    Normal
    Shear
    Volumetri
    c

    Example:

    Uniaxial Loading of a Prismatic


    Specimen
    P=1000
    kgf
    9.9 cm

    10
    cm

    Determi
    ne E and

    10.4
    cm

    10
    cm
    10
    cm

    Before

    9.9 cm

    After

    P=1000 kgf

    P=1000kgf
    =

    d/2=0.05c
    m

    l/2=0.2c
    m

    10cm

    E
    =
    long
    =

    10cm
    1000 kgf

    100
    0
    10*1
    0

    =
    10kgf/cm2

    1
    = 0 = 250 kgf/cm2
    0.0
    4
    l
    0.
    =
    =0.0
    l0
    1
    0
    4
    4

    d
    lat=
    d0
    =-

    10
    0.1

    0.0
    0.01
    4

    = -0.01
    =
    0.25

    For an isotropic material the stress-

    strain relations are as follows:

    RELATION B/W K & E

    Consider a cube with a unit volume

    D
    1
    C

    1
    A

    causes an elongation in the


    direction CD and contraction in the
    directions AB & BC.
    The new dimensions of the cube
    is :
    CD direction is 1+
    BC direction is 1-
    AB direction is 1-

    V0 = 1
    Final volume Vf of the cube is now:

    (1+) (1-) (1-) = (1+) (1-2+22)


    = 1 - 2 + 22 + -22 + 23
    = 1 + - 2 - 22 + 22 + 23
    is small, 2 & 3 are smaller and can be
    neglected.

    Vf = 1+ - 2 V = Vf - V0 = (1-2)
    If equal tensile stresses are applied to

    each of the other two pairs of faces of


    the cube than the total change in volume
    will be :

    (1-2) +
    V = 3 (1-2) =

    avg

    (++)/
    K=
    = 3
    3 (1V/V0
    2)
    K=

    E
    3 (1-

    +
    (1-2) +

    (1-2)

    3 (12)

    3 (12)

    The relation

    between K and E
    is :

    K=

    E
    3 (12)

    Moreover the relation

    between G and E is :

    The relation

    between G, E and K
    is :

    G
    =
    1
    E

    E
    2
    (1+)
    =

    1
    1
    +
    9K
    3G

    Therefore, out of the four


    elastic constants only two of
    them are independent.

    For very soft materials such as pastes,

    gels, putties, K is very large

    Note that as K 0.5 & E 3G


    If K is very large V/V0 0 *No volume

    change
    For materials like metals, fibers & certain

    plastics K must be considered.

    Modulus of Elasticity :
    High in covalent compounds such as

    diamond
    Lower in metallic and ionic crystals
    Lowest in molecular amorphous solids
    such as plastics and rubber.

    Elastic Constants of Some


    Materials
    E(psi)x106
    G(psi)x106

    (GPa)
    Cast Iron
    16
    110
    Steel
    30
    205
    Aluminu
    10
    70
    m
    Concrete 1.5-5.5
    1040
    Wood
    Long 1.81
    12

    (GPa)

    (-)

    7.4

    50

    0.17

    11.8

    80

    0.26

    3.6

    25

    0.33

    0.62-2.30
    15
    0.11
    0.7

    4-

    0.2

    Thank You

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