HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Aditya Iskandar – 1
Aldella Crisentia – 2
Keren Felicia – 10
Mickhael Ricky – 11
Sharon Angelia - 14
 Functions of the Respiratory System

• Breathing process
• Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
• Enable speech production
 Human Respiration

• Works together with the circulatory system

• Exchange of gases between atmosphere, blood, and cells

• If respiratory system and/or circulatory system fails, death will occur

• Cells need O2 for work; release CO2 as a waste product

• Accumulation of excess CO2 is toxic to cells and MUST be removed

 Respiratory System Circulatory system

• Intakes oxygen • Transports gases in

• Releases carbon blood between
dioxide waste lungs and cells
 ORGANIZATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Upper respiratory system

• Nose
• Nasal cavity
• Paranasal sinuses
• Pharynx
Lower respiratory system
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs
 Internal Respiration

• All cells require oxygen for metabolism

• All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide
• Gas exchange at cellular level
 External Respiration

• Ventilation
– exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere
• Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries
• Breathing largely involuntary activity
Respiratory Structures and Organs
 Respiratory Structures and Organs

• Nose
– made of cartilage and bone and is designed to warm,
moisten, and filter air as it comes into the system
• Pharynx (throat)
– conducts food and air; exchanges air with Eustachian tube to
equalize pressure
 Respiratory Structures and Organs

• Larynx (voice box)

– connects the pharynx and the trachea; made of cartilage;
contains vocal cords
• Epiglottis
– flap of tissue that covers trachea; ensures food travels down
the esophagus
nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx
 Respiratory Structures and Organs

• Trachea (windpipe)
– tubular passage way for air; carries air to the lungs, C-shaped
cartilage rings, divides at end
• Bronchi
– pair of tubes that branch from trachea and enter lungs; have
cartilage plates; lining is ciliated & secretes mucus
larynx

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles
 Respiratory Structures and Organs

• Bronchioles
– tiny tubes lacking cartilage and cilia; possess smooth muscle
bronchiole

smooth muscle
 Respiratory Structures and Organs
• Alveoli
– cup shaped structures at the end of the bronchioles that resemble
bunches of grapes; are in direct contact with capillaries (gas
exchange).
• Lungs
– paired, cone-shaped organs
that are surrounded by a
pleural membrane, made of
elastic tissue, and divided
into lobes
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RIGHT & LEFT LUNGS

• RIGHT LUNG • LEFT LUNG

• Has 2 fissures, 3 lobes • 1 fissure, 2 lobes

• Anterior border straight • Anterior border interrupted
• Larger, heavier (700g) by cardiac notch
• Shorter, broader • Smaller, lighter (600g)
• Longer, narrower
 Mechanics of Breathing
• Inhaling (active process) – Air moves in. Why??
– Gases move from an area of high pressure to low
pressure
– During inspiration – diaphragm pulls down and lungs
expand
– When lungs expand, it INCREASES the VOLUME, which
DECREASES the PRESSURE inside lungs
– Lung pressure is lower than outside pressure, so air
moves in
 Mechanics of Breathing

• Exhaling (passive process)

– breathing out
– Diaphragm and muscles relax
– Volume in lungs and chest cavity decreases, so now pressure
inside increases
– Air moves out because pressure inside is HIGHER than OUTSIDE
atmosphere
 Respiration

• What is respiration?
– External respiration – exchange of O2 and CO2 between
respiratory surfaces and the blood (breathing)
– Internal respiration – exchange of O2 and CO2 between the
blood and cells
– Cellular respiration – process by which cells use O2 to produce
ATP
 External Respiration

• Exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood

• Partial pressure of O2 higher in alveoli than blood so O2 diffuses into
blood
• Partial pressure of CO2 higher in blood than alveoli, so CO2 moves into
alveoli in opposite direction and gets exhaled out
 Internal Respiration

• Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues

• Pressure of O2 higher in blood than tissues so O2 gets release into
tissues.
• Pressure of CO2 higher in tissue than in blood so CO2 diffused in
opposite direction into blood.
• CO2 Is a waste product
• O2 Is used in cellular respiration
 Gas Exchange

• Earth’s atmosphere is about 78% Nitrogen and about 21% O2

• What happens to the air when we inhale?
GAS INHALED EXHALED
O2 20.71% 14.6%
CO2 .004% 4.0%
H2O 1.25% 5.9%
• 300 million alveoli in a healthy lung
• Hemoglobin can hold four O2 molecules
 Gas Transport in Blood

• Carbon dioxide
– 70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) dissolved in plasma
– 23% bound to hemoglobin
– 7% as CO2 dissolved in plasma
• Oxygen
– 99% bound to hemoglobin
– 1% as O2 dissolved in plasma
• Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs because CO binds to
hemoglobin more readily than O2
 Pathology
Breathing Disorders

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD (COLD)
• Dyspnea
• Bradypnea
• Tachypnea
 COPD
• Asthma
– bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough,
– mucolytics, bronchodilators
• Chronic Bronchitis
– mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain
– expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids
• Emphysema
– barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea
 Respiratory System Disorders

• Asthma – muscles of bronchioles constrict, drastically reducing

ventilation
• Emphysema – destruction of alveoli
• Tuberculosis – highly contagious bacterial infection
• Lung cancer – 90% of lung cancer victims have a history of smoking
 Influenza

• Acute infectious respiratory

disease
• Viral
• Fever, chills, headache, myalgia,
anorexia
• Avoid aspirin in children
 Pleural Effusions
• Excess fluid in pleural cavity
• associated with congestive heart failure, ascites, infectious
lung diseases, trauma
• diagnosis
– auscultation, percussion
• Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pnrumothorax,
pyopneumothorax
• thoracentesis
 Tuberculosis

• Infectious, highly communicable disease

• aerosol transmission
• primary tuberculosis, tubercles
• immunocompromised
• effects other organ systems
• drug resistant strains
 Bronchopneumonia

• Inflammatory disease of lungs

• lobar, bilateral
• hemoptyisis
• consolidation
• Pneumocystis carinii
• lavage
 Cystic Fibrosis

• Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands

• systemic involvement
– lungs, pancreas, digestive tract
• Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles
• Gas exchange impaired
 Respiratory Distress Syndrome

• Surfactant
– decreases the surface tension of
the alveoli
– needed for alveoli to fill with air
and expand (compliance)
• Infant respiratory distress syndrome
(hyaline membrane disease)
• Adult respiratory distress syndrome
 Oncology

• Primary Pulmonary Cancer

• Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS
• common site: epithelium of bronchi
– bronchogenic carcinoma
– masses form and block air passages
– metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver, bones,
brain, or kidney
 Endotracheal Intubation

• passage of a tube through the mouth, pharynx, and larynx

into the trachea to establish an airway.
 Protists and Less Complex Animals

• Once again, less complex organisms do not need complex organ

systems
• Gas exchange takes place due to diffusion
 Insects

• Have a series of openings along their sides called SPIRACLES

• Tubes called TRACHEA lead from spiracles to all of the body
tissues
– Open circulatory system does not transport O2 and CO2
 Fish

• Most fish breathe with gills – feathery filaments that contain

capillaries and a large surface area for gas exchange
• They breathe by pumping water through the mouth, over gill
filaments and out through slits in the sides of the pharynx
• Double Pump System: by decreasing pressure in mouth, water is
forced in; by increasing pressure in mouth, water is forced out
through the opercula
 Fish

• Because the gills are so VASCULAR and have a large surface

area, gas exchange can happen adequately
 Fish

• Countercurrent blood flow increases the efficiency of obtaining

O2 from water