Control

Control Procedure
Procedure

Dr. Marzuki Hj. Ismail

Semester I 2009/10
ENTECH
Introduction
 Stationary sources produce significant amount
of criteria pollutants.
 Control of air pollutants form stationary
sources is sensitive issue
1. generate thousands of useful consumer products;
2. create millions of jobs and
3. provide essential goods and services.
 4 Steps Process
1. Elimination of the problem source or
operation
2. Modification of the source operation
3. Relocation of the source
4. Selection and application of the appropriate
control technology
 Controlling Particulates
Can use several types of treatment
 Settling chambers
 Cyclones
 Fiber filter/Bag house
 Scrubber
 Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)
Comparison of Air Pollution
Control Devices

A Setling Chamber
B Simple Cyclone
C High efficiency cyclone
D Electrostatic Precipitator
E Spray Tower Wet Scrubber
F Venturi Scrubber
G Bag Filter
 Settling chambers
 Settling chambers use the force of gravity to remove solid
particles.
 The gas stream enters a expansion chamber in which gas
velocity is reduced, allowing time for particles to settle out
under the action of gravity.
 Large particles drop out of the gas and are recollected in
hoppers.
 Because settling chambers are effective in removing only
larger particles, they are used in conjunction with a more
efficient control device.
Types and Components

Simple expansion chamber

Multiple-tray settling chamber
 Cyclones
 Use inertial force to separate particles
from a rotating gas stream.
 Two main types:
1. large diameter cyclones and
2. small diameter multi-cyclones
Large diameter cyclones
Multi-cyclone collector
Fabric filters
 Also referred to as baghouses,
 Capable of high-efficiency PM (0.1 μm to 1,000
μm) removal in a wide variety of industrial
applications.
 4 major types of fabric filters: shaker, reverse
air, pulse jet, and cartridge.
Impaction

 Impaction is most effective on particles larger

than about 1 μm.
Brownian diffusion

 Brownian diffusion is quite effective for collecting sub-

m particles because of the close contact between the
gas stream and the dust cake.
Electrostatic attraction
 Particles can be attracted to the dust layer and
fabric due to the moderate electrical charges
that accumulate on the fabrics, the dust layers,
and the particles.
 Both +ve and -ve charges can be generated,
depending on the chemical make-up of the
materials.
 Fabric Filter Systems
 Shaker
 Reverse air
 Pulse jet
 Cartridge Filters
 Shaker
 The dust laden gases
enter through the
hopper, where some of
the larger particles in the
gas stream settle out.
 Most of the dust will be
carried by the gas stream
as it passes up through
the filter bag and will be
deposited on the inside
of the bag.
 Shaker collectors use
woven fabrics
 Shaker Collectors
 Cleans the bags by gently shaking.
 SC has a tube sheet between the vertical casing
and the hopper.
 The open bottom of cylindrical bag are attach
to holes, the closed top of the bag attach to
shaking mechanism in the top of casing.
 Contaminated gas stream enter the hopper,
flow thro holes in the tube sheet and into the
inside of vertical bags.
 Since top of bags are closed, gas stream flow
thro the bags leaving dust cake on the inside.
 Periodically, gas flow is stop, bag shaken to
clear it.
 Dustcake fall into hopper, removed from the
collector.
Reverse air
 The construction and operation of reverse air
fabric filters is very similar to shaker collectors.
 The difference is in the cleaning mechanism –
reverse air is passed from the outside of the
bags to the inside in order to remove some of
the dust cake.
 Reverse Air Collector
 Very similar to SC. The collector
has tube sheet between casing and
hopper.
 Bottom of bags are attach to holes
in tube sheet.
 Contaminate gas stream enter the
hopper, flow into and thro’ the
bag, leaving dust cake on the
inside.
 When time to clean bags, gas flow
is stop; another gas flow is
introduce in reverse direction – use
the cleansed gas stream discharge.
 Dust cake falls into hopper, and
removed.
Pulse jet

View of the bottoms of pulse jet bags

 Pulse Jet Collectors
 Clean bags using short duration
pulse of compress air.
 PJC has a tube sheet located near
top of vertical casing; bags hang
from the hole in tube sheet.
 Contaminate gas stream enter thro
the side or hopper and flow into the
bag and up thro’ the tube sheet,
leaving dust cake on outside of the
bags.
 Wire-mesh cage is locate inside the
bag to keep from collapse.
 Cleaning – directing compressed air
pulse to the bags.
 Dust cake fall into hopper, remove
from collector.
 Cartridge Filters
 Similar to pulse jet fabric
filter systems
 Gas stream to be filtered
passes from the outside of
the filter element to the Pleated cartridge filter element

inside.
 Filtering is performed by
the filter media and the
dust cake supported on
the exterior of the filter
media
Flat cartridge filter element
Types of
Fabrics
Wet Scrubbers
 Wet scrubbers use a three-step process for the
treatment of particulate-laden gas streams:
1. Particle capture in either droplets, liquid sheets, or
liquid jets
2. Capture of the liquid droplets entrained in the gas
stream
3. Treatment of the contaminated liquid prior to reuse
or discharge
 The primary mechanism by which particles
are collected in wet scrubbers is impaction.
Wet Scrubber Systems

3 types:
 Low energy wet scrubber

 Medium energy wet scrubber

 High energy wet scrubber

Wet Scrubber Systems – Spray Tower

 A low energy
wet scrubber

Spray tower scrubber

Packed Bed Scrubbers
 A medium energy wet
scrubber
Venturi Scrubber (VS)
 Most common high energy wet scrubber.
 In fixed-throat VS, gas stream enters a
converging section where it is accelerated
towards the throat section.
 Here, the high velocity gas stream strikes
liquid streams that are injected at right
angle, shatter the liquid into small drops.
 PM are collected when they impact the
slower moving drops.
 After throat section, gas stream pass thro
diverging section that reduce the velocity
(some PM collection also occurs here).
 Con’t

 Other variation - variable throat venturi.

 Since scrubbing is a function of the gas velocity in the throat, venturi that
can change throat dimensions are used when gas flow rate from the
process varies.
 This mechanism is set to maintain fixed pressure drop across the
collector.
 Mist Eliminators
 In all WS, process of contact between gas and
liquid streams will produce entrained droplets.
 Because these droplets contain contaminants, it
must be removed before its exits the unit.
 This is called – mist elimination or entrainment
separation.
 3 common mist elimination – chevrons, mesh
pad, cyclones.
 Chevrons – zig-zag baffles that cause gas stream
to turn several times when passing mist
elimination. Liquid droplets are collected on the
blade and drain back into scrubber.
 Mesh pad – made from interfaced fiber to collect
droplets.
 Cyclone – removed by centrifugal force.
Electrostatic Precipitators
Operating Principles
 In all types of electrostatic precipitators, there

are 3 basic steps to PM collection:

 Step 1 - electrical charging and migration of particles
toward a vertical collection surface.
 Step 2 - involves the gravity settling (or draining in
the case of liquids) of the collected material from the
vertical collection surfaces.
 Step 3 - removal of the accumulated solids or liquids
from the hopper or sump below the electrically
energized zone.
Particle Charging and Migration

Negative corona particle charging

Precipitator Systems
 ESP’s remove PM from gas stream by charging them
either tve/ -ve and cause them to be deposit on
grounded collection plate.
 There are three categories of electrostatic precipitators
(ESPs). These units serve entirely different industrial
applications.
 Dry, negative corona;
 Wet, negative corona;
 Wet, positive corona.
 Dry, Negative Corona ESP’s
 The most common type of ESP.
 As gas stream enters, the velocity is
reduce as it pass thro’ expanding
transition section.
 Several perforate plates are mounted in
this section to maintain proper flow
distribution,
 Gas stream exiting transition section
flows horizontally thro’ a large no. of
parallel gas passage with vertical
discharge electrode mounted on the
centre and vertical grounded collection
plates on either side.
 Wet, Positive Corona Designs
 Used to collect organic mists
from small, medium industry.
 Here, discharge electrodes are
separated from grounded
collection plate (sometime call
2-stage precipitator).
 First, gas stream enter
charging section, where +ve
discharge electrodes charge
the mist particle +ve.
 The charge particle then move
thro’ collector section; they are
attracted to grounded plate
and then drain to sump.
 Plates are clean manually.