Chapter 4 Chm361 Intermol Forces Student

Intermolecular Forces
Chapter 4
1
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.
Generally,
intermolecular
forces are much
weaker than
intramolecular
forces.
Measure of intermolecular force

boiling point
melting point
Hvap
2
Intermolecular forces
Overview
There are 2 types of attraction in molecules:

intramolecular bonds & intermolecular forces
We have already looked at intramolecular bonds (ionic,
polar, non-polar)
Intermolecular forces (IMF) have to do with the attraction
between molecules (vs. the attraction between atoms in
a molecule)
IMFs come in six flavours: 1) ionic, 2) dipole - dipole, 3)
H-bonding, 4) London forces, 5) covalent (network
solids), 6) metallic
3
Intermolecular forces (cont..)

IMFs come in six flavours: 1) ionic, 2)
dipole - dipole, 3) H-bonding, 4) London
forces, 5) covalent (network solids), 6)
metallic
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between polar molecules
Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid
Ion-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule
Ion-Dipole Interaction
Dispersion Forces
Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary
dipoles induced in atoms or molecules
ion-induced dipole interaction
dipole-induced dipole interaction

8
Dispersion Forces Continued
Polarizability is the ease with which the electron distribution
in the atom or molecule can be distorted.
Polarizability increases with:
greater number of electrons
more diffuse electron cloud

Dispersion
forces usually
increase with
molar mass.
9
What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between

each of the following molecules?
HBr
HBr is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
also dispersion forces between HBr molecules.
CH4
CH4 is nonpolar: dispersion forces.
SO2
SO2 is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are

also dispersion forces between SO2 molecules.
10
Hydrogen Bond
The hydrogen bond is a special dipole-dipole interaction
between they hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond
and an electronegative O, N, or F atom.
A
HB
or
HA
A & B are N, O, or F
11
Hydrogen Bond
11.2
12
Why is the hydrogen bond considered a

special dipole-dipole interaction?
Decreasing molar mass

Decreasing boiling point
13
Questions
Why do some solids dissolve in water but
others do not?
Why are some substances gases at room
temperature, but others are liquid or
solid?
What gives metals the ability to conduct
electricity, what makes non-metals brittle?
The answers have to do with
Intermolecular forces
14
Ionic, Dipole - Dipole attractions

We have seen that molecules can have a
separation of charge
This happens in both ionic and polar bonds
(the greater the EN, the greater the dipoles)
Cl
Molecules are attracted to each other in a compound by

these +ve and -ve forces
+
15
H - bonding
H-bonding is a special type of dipole - dipole
attraction that is very strong
It occurs when N, O, or F are bonded to H
Q- Calculate the EN for HCl and H2O
A- HCl = 2.9-2.1 = 0.8, H2O = 3.5-2.1 = 1.4
16
The high EN of NH, OH, and HF bonds

cause these to be strong forces (about
5x stronger than normal dipole-dipole
forces)
They are given a special name (Hbonding) because compounds
containing these bonds are important in
biological systems
17
London forces
Non-polar molecules do not have dipoles
like polar molecules. How, then, can nonpolar compounds form solids or liquids?
London forces are named after Fritz London
(also called van der Waal forces)
London forces are due to small dipoles that
exist in non-polar molecules
18
London forces (cont..)

Because electrons are moving around in
atoms there will be instants when the
charge around an atom is not
symmetrical
The resulting tiny dipoles cause
attractions between atoms/molecules
19
Because electrons are moving around in

atoms there will be instants when the
charge around an atom is not
symmetrical
The resulting tiny dipoles cause
attractions between atoms/molecules
20
London forces
Instantaneous dipole:
Eventually electrons are

situated so that tiny dipoles
form
Induced dipole:
A dipole forms in one atom or

molecule, inducing a dipole in the
other
21

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Intermolecular Forces

Measure of intermolecular force

There are 2 types of attraction in molecules:

Intermolecular forces (cont..)

ion-induced dipole interaction

dipole-induced dipole interaction

greater number of electrons

more diffuse electron cloud

What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between

SO2 is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are

Why is the hydrogen bond considered a

Decreasing molar mass

Ionic, Dipole - Dipole attractions

Molecules are attracted to each other in a compound by

The high EN of NH, OH, and HF bonds

London forces (cont..)

Because electrons are moving around in

Eventually electrons are

A dipole forms in one atom or

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