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    Equação de Onda

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    Gabriel Riso
    This document derives the wave equation and shows that a sine wave traveling at a constant speed v is a solution to the wave equation. It begins by applying Newton's second law to a vibrating string and derives an expression for the acceleration of the string as proportional to the tension and curvature of the string. Taking the limit as the string segment length approaches zero derives the wave equation, where the second derivative of the transverse displacement is proportional to the acceleration. The document shows that any function of the form f(x-vt) represents a wave traveling at constant speed v. It then derives expressions for angular frequency, wavelength, and wave speed of a sine wave solution to the wave equation.

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    Equação de Onda

    Uploaded by

    Gabriel Riso
    43 views9 pages
    This document derives the wave equation and shows that a sine wave traveling at a constant speed v is a solution to the wave equation. It begins by applying Newton's second law to a vibrating string and derives an expression for the acceleration of the string as proportional to the tension and curvature of the string. Taking the limit as the string segment length approaches zero derives the wave equation, where the second derivative of the transverse displacement is proportional to the acceleration. The document shows that any function of the form f(x-vt) represents a wave traveling at constant speed v. It then derives expressions for angular frequency, wavelength, and wave speed of a sine wave solution to the wave equation.

    Original Description:

    Aula de Física 3

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    This document derives the wave equation and shows that a sine wave traveling at a constant speed v is a solution to the wave equation. It begins by applying Newton's second law to a vibrating string and derives an expression for the acceleration of the string as proportional to the tension and curvature of the string. Taking the limit as the string segment length approaches zero derives the wave equation, where the second derivative of the transverse displacement is proportional to the acceleration. The document shows that any function of the form f(x-vt) represents a wave traveling at constant speed v. It then derives expressions for angular frequency, wavelength, and wave speed of a sine wave solution to the wave equation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    43 views9 pages

    Equação de Onda

    Uploaded by

    Gabriel Riso
    This document derives the wave equation and shows that a sine wave traveling at a constant speed v is a solution to the wave equation. It begins by applying Newton's second law to a vibrating string and derives an expression for the acceleration of the string as proportional to the tension and curvature of the string. Taking the limit as the string segment length approaches zero derives the wave equation, where the second derivative of the transverse displacement is proportional to the acceleration. The document shows that any function of the form f(x-vt) represents a wave traveling at constant speed v. It then derives expressions for angular frequency, wavelength, and wave speed of a sine wave solution to the wave equation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Let's apply Newton's second law in the vertical y

    direction:

    Fy=may
    The sum of forces in the y direction is
    Fy=Tsin2Tsin1
    Using the small angle approximation, sintan = y/x.
    So we may write:

    The mass per unit length is , so its mass dm=dx. The


    acceleration in the y direction is the rate of change in the y
    velocity, so ay=vy/t=y2/t2. So we can write Newtons
    second law in the y direction as

    Rearranging this gives

    Now we have been using the subscript 1 to identify the position


    x, and 2 to identify the position (x+dx). So the numerator in the
    last term on the right is difference between the (first) derivatives
    at these two points. When we divide it by dx, we get the rate of
    change of the first derivative with respect to x, which is, by
    definition, the second derivative, so we have derived the wave
    equation:

    So the acceleration (on the left) is proportional to the


    tensionTand inversely proportional to the mass per unit
    length . It is also proportional to y2/x2. So the a greater
    curvature in the string produces a greater acceleration
    and, as we have seen, a straight portion is not accelerated.

    Now there is nothing special about this function, or the point we


    chose, so any function y = f(xvt) is a wave travelling to the right
    with speed v and with unchanging shape f(x').
    Why is there a minus sign before vt? Consider for a moment the
    point on the wave where x'=0, which is the peak of the function
    used here. As the peak travels to the right, x is increasing and time is
    increasing, so that x'=xvt=0.
    Conversely, consider what happens if we set x"=x+vt. In this
    case, to keepx+vt =0, we need x to decrease as time
    decreases, which is a wave travelling to the left. So remember
    y=f(xvt) is a wave travelling in the positive x direction;
    y=f(x+vt) is a wave travelling in the negative x direction.

    let's write the stationary sine wave like this:

    when x' increases by , the argument of the sine function


    increases by 2, so the sine function goes through one complete
    cycle. is called the wavelength
    let's now write the equation in terms of the stationary
    coordinate x, where x'=xvt :

    angular frequency =2v/


    T=2/=/v
    v=/T

    y=Asin(kxt)

    The wave equation is a partial differential equation.


    We know that sine waves can propagate in a one dimensional
    medium like a string. And we know that any function f(xvt) is a
    wave travelling at speed v.
    General expression for a sine wave travelling in the positive x
    direction is

    y=Asin(kxt+).
    A suitable choice of x or t axis allows us to set to zero, so let's
    look at the equation

    y=Asin(kxt)
    to see whether and when this is a solution to the wave equation

    So we have seen that the second partial derivatives have the


    correct shape, which means we are on the right track. However, to
    be a solution to

    the partial derivatives

    must not only have the correct shape, but also the correct ratio.
    In other words, y=Asin(kxt) is a solution, provided that

    /k was the wave speed v, so we now have an expression for


    thespeed of a wave in a stretched string:

    http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/wave_equation
    _speed.htm

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