Distance Protection Function
DISTANCE RELAYS
Z(radius vector) lies on +R if
V I same phase, on R
if 180 difference
+X component if I lags V and vice versa.
3
Mho or admittance relay is reactance relay with a
Directional unit
an overcurrent element developing positive torque,
and a current-voltage directional element that either
opposes or aids the overcurrent element, depending
on the phase angle between the current and the
voltage.
The directional element is arranged to develop
maximum negative torque when its current lags its
voltage by 90
4
T = K1VI cos (-) - K2V2 K3
Or
Z=K1 (cos (-) ) / K2
The diameter of the circle
practically independent of voltage
or current.
impedance relay having operating torque produced
by the current, restraining torque produced by the
voltage.
In the reactance relay operating torque is produced
by the current, restraining torque is produced by the
current and voltage.
In the mho relay operating torque by the voltage and
current, restraining torque is produced by the
voltage.
Impedance relay used in the medium transmission
line.
Reactance relay used for the small transmission line.
mho relay used in the long transmission line.
6
Relay Characteristics
MHO
Quadrilateral
Three Zone Distance
Protection
Line impedance to fault determined by measuring
voltage and current at the relay point
Single Line Diagram
Phase angle of protected line must be considered
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Discrimination between relay points requires
directional and time delayed operation
R
t
Z3
Timing Diagram
Z2
Z1
Relaying
Point
Z3
CROSS-POLARISATION
Close up faults are a BOUNDARY Condition
Relay Operation is Slow - Fault currents are high.
Voltage is added from a healthy phase.
3-Phase Faults - No healthy-phase so cross-polarising has no
effect.
Fault Type
R-E
Y-E
POLARISING
B-E
QUANTITIES
R-Y
Y-B
B-R
Polarising Voltage (VP)
B-Y (+90)
R-B (+90)
Y-R (+90)
B-E (+90)
R-E (+90)
Y-E (+90)
VRB
VB
VBY
VR
VY
VYR
Power Swing which is basically caused by the large disturbances in the power
system which if not blocked could cause wrong operation of the distance relay
and can generates wrong or undesired tripping of the transmission line circuit
breaker.
Power swings can cause the change in load impedance which under steady
state conditions, whereas within the relays operating characteristic, to induce
unwanted relay operations at different network locations.
Power Swing Block (PSB) function is adopted in modern relays to prevent
unwanted distance relay element operation during power swing . The main
purpose of the PSB function is to differentiate between power faults and power
swings, and block distance or other relay elements from operations during a
power swing.
10
POWER SWING DETECTION & BLOCKING
If the System
Impedance
Remains in the
Power Swing
Detection Zone for
longer than the Pre
set Transit Time
(Nominally 50 ms)
POWER SWING
ALARM
will Operate
Zone 3
Power Swing Outer
boundary
Power Swing Inner
boundary
Zone 2
Power swing
locus
Zone 1
Transit
time
SWITCH ON TO FAULT ( SOTF)
Practically Zero Impedance in fault path.
Fault Point is at the Origin - Boundary condition for Zones 1 & 2
For a 3-Phase fault, cross-polarising will have no effect
When breaker is closed
Allow Zone 3 to trip instantaneously
Allow a trip on Overcurrent only
SOTF Fault Point
SWITCH ON TO FAULT ALGORITHMS
Used where VT is on LINE SIDE of the CB
IF Current and Voltage have been Dead for 10 Secs
AND the Current Rises ABOVE 30% of Nominal
AND Voltage remains BELOW 20% of Nominal
THEN
Remove the Time Delay from Zone 3
AND
Allow tripping on Overcurrent only
FOR
200ms
Used where VT is on BUSBAR SIDE of the CB
When Circuit Breaker Manual Close Handle is Operated
Remove the Time Delay from Zone 3
FOR 400ms
(Longer delay allows for CB Closing time)
Protection Schemes
TIME STEPPED DISTANCE PROTECTION SCHEME
No Signalling used between ends
Cheap and simple
Relay Operation is slow in places
S/Stn 1
Time
S/Stn 2
Relay
A
Zone 3
Zone 2
Relay
B
Relay
C
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone 1
Relay
D
Zone 3
Zone 3
Zone 3
Zone 3
S/Stn 3
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 3
PROTECTION SCHEMES
Operation of the Time Stepped Distance Protection may be improved by the use
of additional Scheme Logic
REACH EXTENSION
PERMISSIVE UNDER-REACH (PUTT)
PERMISSIVE OVER-REACH (POTT)
BLOCKING OVER-REACH
ZONE 1 REACH EXTENSION SCHEME
No Signalling used between ends
S/Stn 1
Gives improved fault clearance
time for fault @ this position
Relay
A
S/Stn 2
Relay
B
Will trip CB @ 'A' for
fault @ this position
Relay
C
S/Stn 3
Relay
D
Time
Trip
Zone 1 Ext
Distance
Reclose
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Distance
PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH SCHEME (PUTT)
Operation of Zone 1 sends signal to remote end
SIGNALLING CHANNEL
REQUIRED BETWEEN
ENDS
Instantaneous trip if
Zone 1 Operation
Zone 2 + Signal from Remote end
S/Stn 1
Relay
A
S/Stn 2
Signalling Channel
Relay
B
Zone 2
Carrier
Aided
Trip
Time
Relay
C
Zone 2
Time Delayed Trip
Distance
Zone 1 (No Operation)
Zone 1
Zone 2
Distance
ALLOWS INSTANTANEOUS TRIPPING OVER 100% OF THE LINE LENGTH
PERMISSIVE OVERREACH SCHEME (POTT)
SIGNALLING CHANNEL
REQUIRED BETWEEN
ENDS
Instantaneous Operation of Zone 2 sends signal to remote end
Instantaneous trip if
Zone 1 Operation
Zone 2 + Signal from Remote end
S/Stn 1
Relay
A
S/Stn 2
Signalling Channel
Relay
B
Zone 2
Carrier
Aided
Trip
Time
Relay
C
Zone 2
Time Delayed Trip
Distance
Zone 1 (No Operation)
Zone 2
Zone 2 Instantaneous
Zone 1
Distance
ALLOWS INSTANTANEOUS TRIPPING OVER 100% OF THE LINE LENGTH
BLOCKING SCHEME
Operation of Zone 4 sends blocking signal to remote end
Instantaneous trip if
Zone 1 Operation
Zone 2 + No blocking Signal from Remote end
WITHIN the Permissive Trip Time
SIGNALLING CHANNEL
REQUIRED BETWEEN
ENDS
S/Stn 1
Relay
A
S/Stn 2
Signalling Channel
Relay
B
Relay
C
Zone 2
Carrier
Aided
Trip
Time
Distance
Zone 1 (No Operation)
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 4 - Blocking
Distance
ALLOWS INSTANTANEOUS TRIPPING OVER 100% OF THE LINE LENGTH
BLOCKING
Increased dependability because if the carrier fails,
the protection will trip anyway.
Decreased security because if the carrier fails, the
protection will trip for an out of section fault.
PERMISSIVE
Increased security because if the communication
fails, the protection will not trip high speed.
Decreased dependability because if the comm fails,
the protection will not trip high speed for an in
section fault.
21
AUTORECLOSING
80-90% OF POWER SYSTEM FAULTS ARE TRANSIENT IN NATURE
THEY CAN BE CLEARED BY
ALLOWING THE FAULT PATH TO DE-IONISE
RECLOSING THE BREAKER
Generally two types of Autoreclosure are used:
High Speed Autoreclose - Single Pole Auto Re-Close
ISOLATING THE FAULT
Open Breaker & reclose after short time delay
Fault path may not have time to de-energise.
Synchronising is not required.
Delayed Autoreclose - Three Pole Auto Re-Close
Open Breaker - Reclose after longer time delay
Synchronism must be checked before re-closure is allowed
AUTORECLOSE SEQUENCE
Zone 1 Fault
Carrier Aided Trip
AR Start
AR
Sequence
Start
Circuit breaker Open
Trip initiation Removed
Line Voltage Dead
Start
Dead Time
Sequence Fail Timer
Autoreclose
Lockout
AUTORECLOSER
IDLE
Fault ReStrikes
Close
Pulse
Width
Check Close
Conditions
Check
Sync
Timer
Live Bar/Dead Line
Check Sync
CB Not Closed
Autoreclose
Successful
Start
Reclaim
Time
Issue Close
Pulse
CB Closed
Thank you
