Introduction To LCD Display

LCD
DISPLAYS
LCD DISPLAYS
What is an LCD?
A liquid crystal display is a flat panel
display, electronic visual display or
video display that uses light
modulating properties of liquid
crystals
DISCOVERY
DISCOVERY
Friedrich
Reinitzers
discovery
of
Friedrich Reinitzers discovery of
liquid
liquidcrystalline
crystallinenature
natureof
ofcholesterol
cholesterol
extracted
extractedfrom
fromcarrots
carrotslead
leadto
tothe
the
discovery
discoveryof
ofLC
LCDisplays(1888)
Displays(1888)
That
is,
two
melting
points
and
That is, two melting points and
generation
generationof
ofcolors
colors
George
GeorgeH.
H.Heilmeier
Heilmeierwas
wascredited
credited
with
withthe
theinvention
inventionof
ofLCD(1964)
LCD(1964)
Heilmeier made the first

operational liquid crystal display
based on what he called the
dynamic scattering mode (DSM).
LCD
It is an electronically
modulated optical device
made up of any number of
segments filled with liquid
crystals and arrayed in front
of a light source ( backlight )
The most flexible ones use
an array of small pixels
Each PIXEL of an LCD typically consists

of a layer of molecules aligned
between two transparent electrodes ,
and two polarizing filters , the axes of
transmission of which are (in most of
the cases) perpendicular to each other.
The managing and control of the data
to be displayed is performed by one or
more circuits commonly denoted as
LCD drivers
TWISTED ALLIGNMENT
The parallel arrangement of liquid crystal
molecules along grooves
When coming into contact with grooved surface
in a fixed direction, liquid crystal molecules line
up parallel along the grooves.
Construction of
Liquid Crystal Display
Two bounding plates (usually glass

slides), each with a transparent
conductive coating (such as indium
tin oxide) that acts as an electrode;
A polymer alignment layer : undergoes
a rubbing process as grooves.
Spacers to control the cell gap
precisely;
Two crossed polarizers (the polarizer
and the analyzer);
Polarizers are usually perpendicular to
each other.
ELECTRODE USED
ITO(tin doped indium oxide i.e., indium tin
oxide ) melting point 1800- 2200 k
Pale yellow to greenish yellow
It is transparent when thin, but vary from
yellow to grey in bulk
Ito is one of the most widely used transparent
conducting oxides
Because of its electrical conductivity and
optical transparency also it can be deposited
as thin film
Twisted nematic effect TN effect
HOW IT WORKS?
OFLINE
ONLINE
TFT
TFT thin film diodes and thin film
transistors, these are non-linear electronic
elements in order to allow the addressing
of individual picture elements without
crosstalk(unintended activation of non
addressed pixels)
HOW
HOWTHE
THECOLOURS
COLOURSARE
ARE
PRODUCED?
PRODUCED?
BACKLIGHT SYSTEM
On most displays, this consists of a
cold cathode fluorescent lamp that is
situated behind the LCD panel for
brighter display.
MATRIX ARRANGEMENT OF
PIXELS
For simple displays the pixels

needed are very low in number
compared to complex displays
ADDRESSING
Display Addressing
Addressing is the process by which pixels

are turned on and off in order to create an
image.
ADDRESSING TYPES
There are two main types of addressing, direct and
multiplexing.
Direct addressing is convenient for displays where
there are only a few elements that have to be
activated. With direct addressing, each pixel in the
display has its own drive circuit. A
microprocessor must individually apply a voltage to
each element. A common application of direct
addressing is the traditional seven segment
liquid crystal display, found in wristwatches and
similar devices.
PASSIVE MATRIX
ADDRESSING
Passive matrix addressing

A pixel in a passive matrix must
maintain its state without active
driving circuitry until it can be
refreshed again
Passive addressed matrix do not
need the switch component because
it has built-in bistability
PASSIVE MATRIX
ADDRESSING
only m+n control signals are required

to address a m*n display
The potential across pixel at selected
row and column ViJ=Vsel VonIoff
for unselected rows ViJ=Vunsel VonIoff
The row signal is select signal and
the column signal is video signal
ACTIVE MATRIX
ADDRESSING
This switches individual elements
using a silicon based tft for each
pixel
OPTICAL RESPONSE
Electro-distortional curve is shown as follows :
the electro-distortional response determines

the transmission of light through the cell
Alpha-numeric display
For applications such as digital watches and
calculators, a mirror is used under the
bottom polarizer. With no voltage applied,
ambient light passes through the cell,
reflects off the mirror, reverses its path,
and re-emerges from the top of the cell,
giving it a silvery appearance.
When the electric field is on, the aligned LC
molecules do not affect the polarization of
the light. The analyzer prevents the
incident light from reaching the mirror
and no light is reflected, causing the
cell to be dark. When the electrodes are
shaped in the form of segments of
numbers and letters they can be turned
on and off to form an alpha-numeric
display.
PIXEL GEOMETRY
Properties of LCD Display
Light weight (typ. 1/5 of CRT)

power consumption (typ. 1/4 of CRT)
Completely flat screen - no geometrical errors
Crisp pictures - digital and uniform colors
No electromagnetic emission
Fully digital signal processing possible
Large screens (>20 inch) on desktops
High price (presently 3x CRT)
Poor viewing angle (typ. 50 degrees)
Low contrast and luminance (typ. 1:100)
Low luminance (typ. 200 cd/m2)
ADVANTAGES
Very compact and light.

Low power consumption.
No geometric distortion.
Little or no flicker depending on backlight
technology.
Not affected by screen burn-in.
Can be made in almost any size or shape.
No theoretical resolution limit.
Advantage of LCD over CRT

Smaller sizeAMLCDs occupy approximately 60 percent less
space than CRT displaysan important feature when office
space is limited.
Lower power consumptionAMLCDs typically consume
about half the power and emit much less heat than CRT
displays.
Lighter weightAMLCDs weigh approximately 70 percent
less than CRT displays of comparable size.
No electromagnetic fieldsAMLCDs do not emit
electromagnetic fields and are not susceptible to them. Thus,
they are suitable for use in areas where CRTs cannot be used.
Longer lifeAMLCDs have a longer useful life than CRTs;
however, they may require replacement of the backlight.
DISADVANTAGES
Limited viewing angle , causing color, saturation,
contrast and brightness to vary, even within the intended
viewing angle, by variations in posture.
Bleeding and uneven backlighting in some monitors,
causing brightness distortion, especially toward the
edges.
Smearing and ghosting artifacts caused by slow
response times (>8 ms) and "sample and hold"
operation.
Only one native resolution . Displaying resolutions
either requires a video scaler , lowering perceptual
quality, or display at 1:1 pixel mapping , in which images
will be physically too large or won't fill the whole screen.
DISADVANTAGES
Fixed bit depth , many cheaper LCDs are only
able to display 262,000 colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels
can display 16 million colors and have
significantly better black level, but are expensive
and have slower response time.
Dead or stuck pixels may occur during
manufacturing or through use.
Not all LCDs are designed to allow easy
replacement of the backlight.
Cannot be used with light guns/pens.
Loss of contrast in high temperature
environments.
APPLICATIONS
They are used in a wide range of
applications, including common wrist
watch and pocket calculator to an
advanced VGA computer screen
computer monitors , television ,
instrument panels, aircraft cockpit
displays etc
QUERIES
QUERIES
??
THANK YOU !
HAPPY 2012!!!
- Aravind

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Introduction To LCD Display

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LCD

Heilmeier made the first

Each PIXEL of an LCD typically consists

Liquid Crystal Display

Two bounding plates (usually glass

Twisted nematic effect TN effect

For simple displays the pixels

Addressing is the process by which pixels

Passive matrix addressing

only m+n control signals are required

the electro-distortional response determines

Properties of LCD Display

Light weight (typ. 1/5 of CRT)

Very compact and light.

Advantage of LCD over CRT

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