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By Dr. David Roster and Dr. Lydia Ayers

This document provides an introduction to several basic Unix commands including directories, files, the 'man' command, and banners. It explains how to view and navigate directories, get information on files and disk usage, view manual pages, check the date and time, and create ASCII banners. Examples are provided for many commands such as 'pwd', 'ls', 'du', 'man', 'date', 'cal', and 'banner'.

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35 views

By Dr. David Roster and Dr. Lydia Ayers

This document provides an introduction to several basic Unix commands including directories, files, the 'man' command, and banners. It explains how to view and navigate directories, get information on files and disk usage, view manual pages, check the date and time, and create ASCII banners. Examples are provided for many commands such as 'pwd', 'ls', 'du', 'man', 'date', 'cal', and 'banner'.

Uploaded by

Anonymous Ie0oEXP2e
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

By

Dr. David Roster


and Dr. Lydia Ayers

Unix
Unix

is a popular operating system


used worldwide
ITSC uses Unix to store your files and
your email
Even after you graduate from UST, the
company you work for will probably
use Unix for something

Unix
This

presentation introduces some


Unix commands and techniques:

Directories
Files
How to use the man command
Several other useful commands

Directories
When

you first log in to a CCST


machine, you are in your home directory

Directories

are stored in a
tree-like structure

Directories
The

pwd command shows you which


directory you are in
it

lists the exact location of your current


directory within the system
For example, if you log in and type pwd,
you will get a response like this:
/tmp_mnt/homes/layers/

Directories
If

you then go into a subdirectory, such as


one called vinaweb, and then type pwd
again, you will get a response like this:
/tmp_mnt/homes/layers/vinaweb

Directories
The

cd command lets you Change from


one Directory to another
For

example, to change to a directory


called vinaweb, type:
cdvinaweb
If you have gone down into a directory but
now you want to go up out of that
directory, type:
cd..

Directories
For

example:

pwd
/tmp_mnt/homes/layers/vinaweb

cd..
pwd
/tmp_mnt/homes/layers/

Directory Structure
du is

one way to show the directory


structure at any point in a Unix system
du stands

for disk usage


The du command lists all directories at
lower levels than the current directory
It also provides an indication of how much
data is in each of the listed directories

Directory Structure
Type:du
Output:
592labs/lab1
912labs/lab2
939labs/lab3
1261labs/lab4
505labs/lab5
140labs/lab6
213labs/lab7
911lectures/fireworks
70079lectures

Directory Structure
By default the numbers listed for the size of
the data in each directory (the first column
on the previous page) are usually for 512
byte blocks
But most computer users dont measure
things in blocks of 512 bytes
It is more useful to have the numbers
expressed in KB (kilobytes).

use the -k option to do this

Directory Structure
Type:duk
Output:
1184labs/lab1
1824labs/lab2
1878labs/lab3
2521labs/lab4
1009labs/lab5
279labs/lab6
425labs/lab7
1822lectures/fireworks
140158lectures

File Information
Use

ls to list the files in the current


directory
For example:

cdvinaweb
ls
index.htmlvina.jpg

File Information
Type

ls -l to get more useful


information
The

-l (the letter L and not a digit)


command shows the output in Long format
This command displays lots of extra
information, including the size of the files
and their creation times

File Information
For

example:

cdvinaweb

lsl
rwrr1layers3682Mar1315:18index.html
rwrr1layers2542Nov2111:14vina.jpg

File Content
To

have a quick look at the contents of


a file, type: more filename
The

screen will display the contents of the


file called filename
If the contents of the file are bigger than
one screen, you will need to press the
spacebar to see each successive screen

File Content
NOTE:

this technique only works for


ASCII text files
It

doesnt work for other file types, such as


image files and sound files
It works for html files as well, but in this
case you will see all the html codes, just
as you do when you view the source or
when you edit it in a text editor

File
Sometimes

you dont know what type of


information is in a file
The file command looks at the files and
tries to guess what type of information
is in them
However, it doesnt know how to
recognise several types of file, so it is
of limited use

File
For

example, to see what kind of files


are in your current directory:

Type: file*

Output: (the exact output depends on what you


have in your directory)
101:directory
comp342:symboliclinkto342
dump.txt:empty
index.html:asciitext
student.c:cprogramtext

Manual
There

are hundreds of Unix commands


Often their name does not give much
information about what the command
does
Another problem is finding out how to
use the command
The Unix man command can help with
these problems

Manual
The

man command lets you find out lots


of information about a Unix command
man stands for manual
To use it type:
man commandname
This means show me the manual pages
which describe commandname

Manual
For

example, to find out about date:

Type: mandate
Output:

DATE(1V)USERCOMMANDSDATE(1V)

NAME
datedisplayorsetthedate
SYNOPSIS
date[u][a[]sss.fff][yymmddhhmm[.ss]][+format]
(it shows more information ...)

Manual
For

example, to find out about man:

Type: manman
Output:

MAN(1)USERCOMMANDSMAN(1)
NAME
mandisplayreferencemanualpages;findreferencepages
bykeyword
DESCRIPTION
mandisplaysinformationfromthereferencemanuals.Itcan
displaycompletemanualpagesthatyouselectbytitle,or
onelinesummariesselectedeitherbykeyword(k),orby
thenameofanassociatedfile(f).
(it shows more information ...)

Finger
The

finger program provides useful


information about someone who has an
account on a Unix system
It can (sometimes) tell you

the real name of the person, as well as their


computer account name
when the person last read their email
extra information provided by the person (if the
person put some information in their .plan file)

Finger

Type: fingerhorner

Output:

loginname:horner
Inreallife:AndrewHorner
Office:FACULTY
Directory:/homes/horner
Shell:/bin/tcsh
OnsinceNov1310:34:23onttyp21day1hourIdleTime
Plan:
officephone:(852)etc.
CurrentlyIamworkingonsynthesizingtraditional
Chineseinstruments

Finger

finger provides another useful function:

If you dont know the account name of a person,


you can enter their name

finger then tries to find a match

For example, finger chan gives a list of all the


people with the name chan as part of their real
name or part of their account name

Finger
For

example,

Type:fingeralbert

Output:
Loginname:juergenInreallife:Prof.JuergenAlbert
Office:guestofdw,expire31/03/98Homephone:no_dialin
Directory:/homes/juergenShell:/bin/tcsh
Neverloggedin.
NoPlan.

Date
The date command shows the current time
and date using the local time system.
Type: date
Output: MonMar2311:09:44HKT1998
The -u option shows the time and date using
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) format instead of local
time.
Type:dateu
Output: MonMar2303:11:42GMT1998

Cal
The

cal program shows a calendar


It can show a calendar for the future,
the past or the present
The easiest way to use it is to just type
cal (with no parameters)
It

will show you the current month

Alternatively,

type cal month year with


appropriate numbers for month and
year

Cal
Other

ways to use cal:

Enter

just a year, with no month (cal year).


Cal then shows you all the months of that
year.
Enter just a month, with no year (cal
month). Cal then assumes you mean the
current year.

Cal
For

example, to find out what day of the


week Vina was born on:

Type: cal61995
Output:

June1995
SMTuWThFS
123
45678910
11121314151617
18192021222324
252627282930

Banner
This program creates a banner using
ASCII. You could import the resulting text
into an email or fax message. For
example, a message from Snoopy to Vina:
Type: bannerwoof
Output:
################
#######
###########
#########
#########
###########

Banner

Vina's Answer:
Type:bannermiaow!
Output:
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Have
filled in the course evaluation?
YES?

NO?

THANK YOU!

IT'S NOT
TOO LATE!

CLICK HERE!

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