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    Basicsonairfoilsandliftgeneration

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    azamataufiq
    This document discusses airfoils and lift generation. It provides information on different types of airfoils and their characteristics at different speeds and angles of attack. It describes how camber, thickness, and nose radius impact stall characteristics. It also discusses boundary layers, pressure distributions, separation points, and factors that can lead to stalls such as high angles of attack, rapid changes in airspeed or direction, and wind gradients. The key points are that different airfoils are suited for different speeds, stall depends on angle of attack, and maintaining proper airspeed is important to avoid unexpected stalls.

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    Basicsonairfoilsandliftgeneration

    Uploaded by

    azamataufiq
    264 views10 pages
    This document discusses airfoils and lift generation. It provides information on different types of airfoils and their characteristics at different speeds and angles of attack. It describes how camber, thickness, and nose radius impact stall characteristics. It also discusses boundary layers, pressure distributions, separation points, and factors that can lead to stalls such as high angles of attack, rapid changes in airspeed or direction, and wind gradients. The key points are that different airfoils are suited for different speeds, stall depends on angle of attack, and maintaining proper airspeed is important to avoid unexpected stalls.

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    basic airfoil

    Original Title

    basicsonairfoilsandliftgeneration

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    This document discusses airfoils and lift generation. It provides information on different types of airfoils and their characteristics at different speeds and angles of attack. It describes how camber, thickness, and nose radius impact stall characteristics. It also discusses boundary layers, pressure distributions, separation points, and factors that can lead to stalls such as high angles of attack, rapid changes in airspeed or direction, and wind gradients. The key points are that different airfoils are suited for different speeds, stall depends on angle of attack, and maintaining proper airspeed is important to avoid unexpected stalls.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    264 views10 pages

    Basicsonairfoilsandliftgeneration

    Uploaded by

    azamataufiq
    This document discusses airfoils and lift generation. It provides information on different types of airfoils and their characteristics at different speeds and angles of attack. It describes how camber, thickness, and nose radius impact stall characteristics. It also discusses boundary layers, pressure distributions, separation points, and factors that can lead to stalls such as high angles of attack, rapid changes in airspeed or direction, and wind gradients. The key points are that different airfoils are suited for different speeds, stall depends on angle of attack, and maintaining proper airspeed is important to avoid unexpected stalls.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Basics on airfoils and lift generation

    Airfoil for medium


    speeds that will produce
    more lift, but also more
    drag
    Nice stall

    Highspeed airfoil that will


    generate low Cl and low
    Cd.
    Rather sharp stall at low
    angle of attack

    Cl

    Angle of attack

    Chordline
    Smooth stall characteristics depends
    largely on :
    Low speed airfoil,
    will produce much lift at low
    angles of attack, much drag
    and smooth stall at medium
    angle of attack

    Large nose radius


    High camber
    Medium to high profile thickness

    Camberline

    Angle of attack
    The angle between the
    chordline and flightpath

    Paraglider airfoil
    A lot of volume gives much lift and
    smooth stalling at high angle of
    attack
    Also much drag as airspeed
    increases.

    Transition point
    Separation point
    Where the airflow can no
    longer follow the airfoil.
    Note : Not nesceseary the
    same as stall

    Downwash behind the


    wing
    The amount of downwash
    corresponds to the mass
    suspended

    The boundary layer


    becomes turbulent

    Upwash in fornt of the


    wing
    The air directly ahead of the
    wing will be slightly
    compressed and will cause a
    uward motion in front of the
    wing

    Stagnation point
    Where the air chooses to go over or below the
    wing.
    This point wanders forward with increasing speed
    and wice versa

    Turbulent
    Laminar
    Boundary layer just a
    few cm deep

    There will always be some degree of separation


    behind a wing during normal flight.
    If we increase angle of attack, this point moves
    forward.
    A stall Follows when this point has moved sufficient
    far forward, and typhical at around 30% of
    chordline.

    Dunamic
    pressure
    Static pressure

    Total pressure = Static +


    Dynamic
    ( Bernoullis law )
    High static pressure moves up and
    around te trailing edge to equalize
    the low pressure there.

    High dynamic, low


    static pressure

    0 velosity !
    Kritisk
    zone

    The airflow can not follow the airfoil


    due to the velosity decrease past the
    highest point of the airfoil

    Low dynamic, high


    static pressure

    High pressure air from below moves


    up the back of the airfoil, flowing
    against the direction of flight,
    Where the total velosity reaches 0 ,
    separation follows.

    Low pressure !!
    Angle of
    attack

    Negativ flow !

    Stall !!
    High Pressure !!

    A stall will always happen because of a too high angle of


    attack
    High angle of attack = LOW airspeed and vice versa ALWAYS !
    On a paraglider, you control the angle of attck with your brakes.
    In unaccellerated flight, the glider will stall at the same brake pull
    position
    ( Exception: if you have trimmers on your risers )
    Find, and know this point !!
    Spend a lot of time flying near this point, straight and turning.
    Practice flying really slow then gently stalling and then back to slow
    flight.
    This is much harder than it sounds, and more difficult than the
    common fullstall manouver
    All wings react different near and at the stalling point, but some
    similarities exist.
    Less brake pressure, and often pulsating brake force
    Strange yawing motions
    The sensation of sliding/falling backwards

    Stall VS Spin
    By reason of the way a paraglider is rigged; a stall can quickly lead to a spin
    Almost without exception, when a pilot uncontrolled hits the ground, there has been a
    rotation before impact.
    The glider stalls, and a rotation develops into a spin
    After a collapse, the glider enters a spiral or enters a spin due to overcorrection by
    the pilot.

    Paraglider Wash IN
    To increase resistance to collapses, the
    tips fly with a bit higher angle of attack than
    the center.
    ord
    Tip ch

    This leads to the tips stalling before the


    center.
    Center chord

    The tip section is the most effective


    generator of lateral control.
    When this portion of the wing stalls,
    directional control is lost
    The wing enters a spin.
    Airplane/ Hangglider Wash OUT
    To prevent spins, the tips fly at a slightly
    lower angle of attack.
    ( This can be done by geometric or aerodynamic
    washout )

    My to do list after a big


    collapse

    The glider flies again !

    Remember :
    It is always worse to do too much after a
    collapse.
    Relax, let the glider fly, preserve airspeed.

    Keep 20 % on the left side; if the wing does not


    open:

    Do not pull the glider into a spin as you try


    hard to reopen

    Do not pump short, quick strokes

    Apply right brake in long controlled strokes


    Do not overdo this, SPIN DANGER !
    Keep 20 % brake, lef and right ..
    Wait a bit to see what the canopy does now,
    many times it will reopen by itself
    Axcept a certain heading change
    DO NOT try hard to keep heading danger of
    spin !!
    Apply about 20 % brake, both
    sides
    60 % collapse , rapid right turn
    induction
    Full speed ahead

    Nasty situations where the glider might stall


    unexpected ..
    Rapid sink

    You are flying slowly


    Suddenly you enter heavy sinking air
    Flightpath becomes steeper, angle of attack becomes greater .
    The glider might stall ..

    Release brakes a bit if entering heavy,


    sudden sink

    Nasty situations where the glider might stall


    unexpected ..
    Entering rapid rising
    air

    Despite constant
    braking, the glider
    stalls

    You are flying slow, near the terrain


    The inner wing is suddenly lifted .
    This wing will increase it`s angle of attack due to the vertical
    component of relativ wind.
    The glider stalls this wing and spins into the terrain

    Increase airspeed a bit when close to the


    terrain

    Nasty situations where the glider might stall


    unexpected ..
    Wind gradient

    Wind gradient / windshear means that the wind speed or direction


    changes rapidly with altitude or distance.
    Severity will increase with the roughness of the terrain below.

    Wind speed

    Airspeed

    You are flying above the windshear and are maintaining slow, but safe
    airspeed
    You enter the windshear, and suddenly your airspeed falls quickly
    Lift is reduced, and the flightpath becomes steeper
    Angle of attack increases further
    A stable glider will tend to pitch forward, and a common mistake is to
    apply brake to compensate for this . ( NOT GOOD !! )
    The already high angle of attack increases even more
    The glider stalls .

    Release the brakes a bit when entering a wind


    gradient
    Allow the glider some forward pitching.

    Maintain your airspeed

    and avoid this

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