The

Skele
tal
Syste
BY:
BY:
m
VINCENT T.
BAUZA

Support

the body
Protect soft organs
Allow movement due to
attached skeletal muscles
Store minerals and fats
Blood cell formation

Functions of Bones

 Bones (skeleton)
- hard tissue made mostly of cells, calcium, and collagen (a protein
that forms strong fibers and is a mineral that adds strength)

Joints
- Where bones meet

Cartilages
- strong, elastic tissue that reduces friction and increases
flexibility

Ligaments
- ligaments connect bone to bone

Tendons
- connect muscle to bone

Major Parts Of
Skeletal System

Classification of Bones
(Base On Shape)

Have a shaft with

heads at both ends
Contain mostly
compact bone
Example:
Femur
Humerus

Long Bones

Generally cubeshape
Contain mostly
spongy bone
Example:
Carpals
Tarsals

Short Bones

Thin, flattened, and

usually curved
Two thin layers of
compact bone surround
a layer of spongy bone
Example:
Skull
Ribs
Sternum

Flat Bones

Irregular

bones

Irregular shape
Do not fit into other
bone classification
categories
Example:
Vertebrae
Hip bones

Classification of Bones

Has 2 basic types

of bone tissue

Spongy bone is inside

the compact bone and is
very porous
(full ofbone
tiny
Cancellous
holes). Spongy bone
occurs in most
bones
Small needle-like
Compact
bone is
pieces of bone
dense,
and
Many hard,
open spaces
forms the
protective exterior
portion of all
bones.

Bone composition

Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Covered with articular cartilage
Composed mostly of spongy
bone

Diaphysis
Middle part of the bone
Covered with the tissue
membrane called
Periosteum
Composed of compact
bone
and medullary
Anatomy
of acavity
Long

Bone

Periosteum
Outside covering of the
diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue
Compact
bone
membrane
the layer of bone that provides
most of its strength

Medullary cavity
Cavity inside of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in
adults
yellow color is due to the presence of ADIPOSE (AHdih-pohs)
or fatty connective tissue.

Contains red marrow (for blood cell

formation) in infants

Diaphysis

red color is due to the fact that it consists many blood

vessels.

CANCELLOUS BONE - the

layers of bone that have
many open spaces like a
sponge containing red
marrow

Made of hyaline cartilage

Covers the external
surface of the epiphyses
Decreases friction at joint
surfaces

Epiphysis

Appendicul
ar
skeleton
-

lies within the body

appendages (ah-PENdah-jes) or limb
attachments.

Axial
skeleton
-

lies within the head,

neck, and body trunk

Skeleton Subdivisions

 skull, vertebral
column, and
thoracic cage
central supporting
portion of the
body
form the
foundation for the
attachments of
the appendicular
skeleton.
80 bones
22 bones in skull
6 in middle ears
1 hyoid bone
26 in vertebral

Axial skeleton

Oval in shape
behind is wider than
front
joined by sutures
Only the mandible is
attached by movable
joint
Skull

(Pair)

(Pair)

8 Cranial
bones

Bones In The Skull

14 facial bones

Pairs
Maxilla,
Zygomatic
Palatine
Lacrymal
Nasal
Inferior Nasal
Koncha

Mandible Or
Lower Jaw
Vomer

Bones In The Skull

6 ear ossicles.

(2) Malleus or
Hammer
(2) Incus or Anvil
(2) Stapes or Stirrups

The human bodys tiniest bones

The only bone

that does not
articulate with
another bone
Serves as a
moveable base
for the tongue,
and other
muscle
attachments

The Hyoid Bone

Forms

a cage to protect major organs,

the heart and the lungs.
Three

parts

1. Sternum
2. Ribs

True ribs (pairs 1

7)
False ribs (pairs 8
12)
Floating ribs (pairs
1112)

3. Thoracic
vertebrae

The Bony Thorax

24 single vertebral
bones separated by
intervertebral discs
7 cervical
vertebrae in the
12 neck
thoracic
vertebrae in the
region
5 chest
lumbar
vertebrae
associated with
the lower back

The Vertebral Column

Two composite bones

formed by fusion of 9
vertebrae
Sacrum
Formed by the fusion
of 5 vertebrae

Coccyx
Formed from the fusion of 4
vertebrae
Tailbone, or remnant of a tail
that other vertebrates have

The Vertebral Column

 126 bones
The Pectoral Girdle (4)
Scapula
clavicle
Upper Limbs (60)
upper arm humerus
lower arm - radius and
ulna
Hand carpals,
metacarpals, and
phalanges
Lower Limbs (60)
thigh two femur
leg tibia and fibula
foot tarsus, metatarsals,
and phalanges
Patella knee cap
Pelvic Girdle(2)
Coxae or hip bone

Appendicular Skeleton

(2)
front, ventral to the rib cage and
just above the first rib
a Latin word that means little
key.

(2)

back part
a Greek word
meaningto dig.

Four Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

three parts:
Arm (2)
humerus longest bone in
the upper extremity.

Forearm (4)
the region between the
elbow and the wrist.
Radius and ulna

Hand (54)
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

60 Bones of the Upper

Limbs

The hand consists

of three parts (the
wrist, palm, and
five fingers) and 27
bones

Ulna
longer than
the radius
and
connected
more firmly
to the
humerus

Phalanges
Metacarpals

radi
us
contributes
more to the
movement
of the wrist
and hand
than the
ulna

Carpals
Bones
of the Upper
Limbs

Formed
by two
coxal
bones
3
pair
s of
fuse
It protects Reproductive
d
bon organs, Urinary bladder,
oflarge
the
es Two
and Bones
a part of the
Ilium
intestine.
Pelvic Girdle
Ischiu
Ischiu

male

female

1.The female inlet is larger and more circular

2. The female pelvis as a whole is shallower,
and the bones are lighter and thinner
3. The female pubic arch is more rounded
4. The female sacrum is shorter and less
curved

Gender Differences of the Pelvis

 much stronger than

upper limbs but are
able to move less.
Thigh
2 Femur

Leg

2
2

Tibia
Fibula

Foot

ankle 14 tarsals
Toes 28 phalanges, 10
metatarsals,

Patella

2 Kneecap

60 Bones of Lower Limb

Femur longest
and
strongest
bone in
the body,
making up
about twosevenths
of the
persons
height

Fibula much
thinner
than
tibia and
does not
carry the
body
weight

Tibia second
longest
bone

Bones of the Lower

Limbs

Foot
14 Tarsals

Largest tarsals
are Calcaneus
(heelbone) and
Talus

10 Metatarsals
28 Phalanges

Bones of the Lower Limbs

 The place where two bones

come together.
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Can be Classified Structurally

1.Fibrous joints - Generally immovable

2.Cartilaginous joints - Immovable or slightly
moveable
3.Synovial joints Movable

Joints

Bones are united by fibrous tissue

(collagen fibers)

Sutures short fibers formed between cranial

bones
Syndesmoses movement is limited by tight
ligament
Example: Distal end of tibia and fibula

Structural joints

Gomphosis found between the teeth and jaw

and held by periodontal ligament

Types:
1.Synchond
rosis (Hyalin
cartilage)
Ex. between the first
rib and the
sternum

2.Symphysi
s (Fibrocartilage)
Ex. Symphysis pubis
and intervertebral
disc

Connect bones by means of

cartilage
Structural joints

Synovial fluid mixture of

polysaccharides,
proteins, fats and
cells, that forms a
thin lubricating
film covering the
surfaces of a joint

Contain Synovial fluid.

Structural joints

occur between
two flat bones,
where one
moves
horizontally
over the other
in both
directions

allows extension
and retraction of
an appendage.
(Elbow, Knee)
There are 40 in
the body

Synovial joints

provide rotary movement

in which a bone rotates
on a ring or a ring of
bone rotates around a
central area

Found only in
the thumb
found in the shoulder and hip, and allow
for the freest movement

Synovial joints

 Osteocytes - Mature bone

cells

Osteoblasts - Boneforming cells

Osteoclasts - Bone-

destroying cells which break

down bone matrix for
Bone
remodeling
is a process
remodeling
and release
of
by
both
osteoblasts
and
calcium
osteoclasts

Types of Bone Cells

In

embryos, the
skeleton is primarily
hyaline cartilage

During

development,
much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone

Formation of
HumanSkeleton

1. Lengthwise growth of
long bones during
childhood occurs
New cartilage is continuously
formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
through the action of osteoblasts
bone-forming
cells)
2.(the
Bones
are remodeled
and

lengthened until growth stops

Bones are remodeled in response to:
Blood calcium levels
Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

Bones grow in width (called appositional

growth)

Bone Growth (Ossification)

Tuberculos
is of the
Spine
(Potts
Disease)

extrapulmona
ry
tuberculosis
that impacts
often
the spine
experienced
as

a local
phenomenon
that begins in
the thoracic
Diseases
and
section
of
the
Conditions
spinal column

Ricke
ts

the softening
and
weakening of
bones
because of an
extreme and
prolonged
vitamin D
Diseases and deficiency
Conditions

Scurvy
body lacks the
ability to
synthesize
and make
vitamin C and
therefore
depends on
exogenous
dietary
Diseases and Conditions

Go
ut

Inflammation of joints is
caused by a deposition
of uric acid crystals
from the blood
Can usually be
controlled with diet

Diseases and Conditions

Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome

swelling or a
change in
position of
the tissue
within the
carpal tunnel

Diseases and Conditions

Bone-thinning
disease
afflicting

Osteopor
osis

50% of women over

age 65
20% of men over
makes
bones fragile
age 70

bones can easily fracture

Vertebral collapse results in
kyphosis (also known as dowagers
hump)
Estrogen aids in health and normal
density of a female skeleton

Diseases and Conditions

Kyphosis
occur as a result of
developmental
problems;
degenerative
diseases, such as
arthritis of the spine;
osteoporosis with
compression
fractures
of theCurvatures
Abnormal

Lordosis

curvature of the
back bones
(vertebrae) in
the lower back
area, giving a
"swayback"
Abnormalappearance.
Curvatures

Scoliosis
abnormal curvature
of the spine
runs in families
More girls than boys
have severe scoliosis
Adult scoliosis may
be a worsening of a
condition that began
in childhood

Abnormal Curvatures

Arthritis
Tendoni
tis

inflammatory or
degenerative
diseases of
joints

inflammatio
n of tendon
sheaths
Inflammatory

Bursitis

inflammation of a bursa usually

caused by a blow or friction

Conditions
Associated with Joints

Review
Recitation!
!!

What are the 5 functions of

Skeletal System?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

S______ the body

P______ soft organs
Allow m_______ due to
attached skeletal muscles
Store m_______ and f___
B____ c___ formation

What are the 5 Major parts

of the Skeletal System?
1.B____ - hard tissue made mostly of
cells, calcium, and collagen (a
protein that forms strong fibers and
is a mineral that adds strength)
2.J_____ - Where bones meet
3.C________ - strong, elastic tissue
that reduces friction and increases
flexibility
4.L________ - ligaments connect bone
to bone

What are the 4

classifications of bones
base on shape?

1.S____ bones
2.L___ bones
3.F___ bones
4.I________ bones

What are the 2 basic types

of bone tissue?
1.C______ bone tissue occurs
in most bones and is very
porous (full of tiny holes)
2.S_____ bone tissue is
dense, hard, and forms the
protective exterior portion
of all bones.

What are the 2 major

division of a long bone?
1. E________
Ends of the bone
Covered with articular cartilage
Composed mostly of spongy bone

2. D________
Middle part of the bone
Covered with the tissue membrane
called Periosteum
Composed of compact bone and
medullary cavity

The skeleton of an embryo

is composed almost
entirely of a connective
tissue called Hyaline
_________.
a.Ligament
b.Cartilage
c.Lipid
d.tendon

Which Subdivision of
Skeleton lies within the
head, neck, and body
trunk?
A. Appendicular Skeleton
B. Axial Skeleton
C. Normal Skeleton
D. Perdicular Skeleton

Which subdivision of
skeleton lies within the
body appendages or limb
attachments.
A. Tissues
B. Tendons
C. Axial skeleton
D. Appendicular Skeleton

A human skeleton has 22

bones in his skull which is
composed of 8 c______
bones and 14 f_____ bones?
A. cartilaginous and fibrous
b. cranial and facial
c. crucial and fetal
d. cracked and fractured

 Osteologythe study of bones

Throughout the day, the discs in the spine are squashed,
making people shorter when they go to bed than when
they wake up.
Eighty bones protect the vital organs of heart, lungs, spinal
cord, and brain.
Osteoclasts consume old and worn bone matter;
osteoblasts manufacture new bone tissue. Both are
important to good bone health
Children with broken bones heal much faster than adults. A
bone that requires three to five months for healing in an
adult will mend in four to six weeks in a child.
The spinal column consists of a series of 26 individual
bones, or vertebrae.
Motorcycle accidents account for one injury to the skeletal
and muscular systems in every 7,000 hours of biking;
horseback-riding accidents account for one injury in every
2,000 hours of ridingthree and one-half times more than
motorcycling.

Interesting Facts

watchin
g!!!!