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Chapter 2 The Per Unit System New

The document discusses the per-unit system used in power systems. It explains that the per-unit system allows comparison of different system elements by expressing all values relative to a common base. Voltage, current, impedance and other values are divided by their respective base values to obtain per-unit values. Base values are typically defined using the nominal apparent power and voltage ratings of a system or element. The per-unit system simplifies analysis of complex power systems and allows representing different system components on a common scale. An example is provided to illustrate converting impedance values to per-unit based on a selected common power and voltage base.

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Vivvian Grace M Molahid
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375 views24 pages

Chapter 2 The Per Unit System New

The document discusses the per-unit system used in power systems. It explains that the per-unit system allows comparison of different system elements by expressing all values relative to a common base. Voltage, current, impedance and other values are divided by their respective base values to obtain per-unit values. Base values are typically defined using the nominal apparent power and voltage ratings of a system or element. The per-unit system simplifies analysis of complex power systems and allows representing different system components on a common scale. An example is provided to illustrate converting impedance values to per-unit based on a selected common power and voltage base.

Uploaded by

Vivvian Grace M Molahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

CHAPTER 2

The Per-Unit System

Per Unit System


In power systems there are so many different

elements such as Motors, Generators and


Transformers with very different sizes and
nominal values.
To be able to compare the performances of a
big and a small element, per unit system is
used.

Per Unit System


The voltage, current and impedance values are

divided by base values and expressed in per unit or


percentage values.

Actual Value
Per Unit System Value
Base Value
The percent impedance,

Z actual in
Z%
x 100%
Z base in

e.g. in a synchronous generator with 13.8 kV as its

nominal voltage, instead of saying the voltage is


12.42 kV, we say the voltage is 0.9 p.u.

How Are the Base Values


Defined
For an electric element, we

have : Power, Voltage, Current


and Impedance.
Usually, the nominal apparent
power (S) and nominal voltage
(V) are taken as the base
values for power and voltage.
The base values for the current
and impedance can be
calculated.

Sbase , Vbase
I base

Sbase

Vbase

Z base

Vbase V 2 base

I base
S base

Per Unit System


Per Unit values using the base values are:
S pu

S
S base

I pu

I
I base

Vpu

V
Vbase

Z pu

Z
Z base

Conversion from per unit value to ohm & vise


versa
Z pu

Z
Z base

S base
2 Z
Vbase

Z Z base Z pu

2
Vbase

Z pu
S base

Transformers Voltage Base

V2
V b1
Vb 2
V1

Per Unit in 3- Circuits


Simplified:

Concerns about using phase or line voltages


are removed in the per-unit system
Actual values of R, XC and XL for lines, cables,
and other electrical equipment typically phase
values.
It is convenient to work in terms of base VA
(base volt-amperes)

Per Unit System (3 Phase)


Usually, the 3-phase SB or MVAB and line-to-line VB or kVB

are selected
IB and ZB dependent on SB and VB

S B 3VB I B
SB
IB
,
3VB

VB 3 I B Z B
VB / 3 VB
ZB

IB
SB

Change of Base
The impedance of individual generators &

transformer, are generally in terms of


percent/per unit based on their own ratings.
Impedance of transmission line ohmic value
When pieces of equipment with various
different ratings are connected to a system, it
is necessary to convert their impedances to a
per unit value expressed on the same base.

Change of Base
old
Z pu
be the per unit impedance on the power base Sold
B

& voltage base VBold


old
Z pu

Z S Bold
old
Z
2
V old
ZB
B

new
Z pu
be the new per unit impedance on the new power base Snew
B

& new voltage base VBnew


new
Z pu

Z S Bnew
new
Z
2
new

ZB
VB

Change of Base
From (1) and (2), the relationship between the
old and the new per unit value

new
pu

old
pu

new
B
old
B

V

V

old
B
new
B

If the voltage base are the same,

new
pu

new

S
old
B
Z pu old
SB

Example
The one-line diagram of three-phase power
system is shown below. Select a common base
of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side.
Draw an impedance diagram with all impedance
including the load impedance marked in perunit.

Example

65.43

Example
Voltage base for all sections of the network.
SB = 100 MVA, VB = 22 kV on Generator side

65.43

Example
50 MVA, 22/220 kV, 10%

VB1 on the LV of T1 = 22 kV

40 MVA, 22/110 kV, 6.4%

Example
50 MVA, 22/220 kV, 10%

VB2 on the HV of T1 =

VB 2

V2
220
22
VB1
kV 220kV
22
V1

VB3 on the HV of T2 = VB2 = 220 kV


40 MVA, 22 kV, 6.4%

Example
VB5 on the LV of T3 =

VB 5

V2
110

VB1
22
kV 110 kV

22
V1

VB6 on the HV of T4 = VB5 = 110 kV

40 MVA, 22/110 kV, 6.4%

65.43

Example
40 MVA, 220/11kV, 6.0%

VB4 on the LV of T2 =

VB 4

V2
11

VB 3
220
kV 11kV

220
V1
or

VB4 on the LV of T4 =

VB 4

V2
11
110
VB 6
kV 11kV
110
V1
40 MVA, 110/11kV, 8.0%

Generator & Transformer


Since generator & transformer voltage base are the same as their rated
values, their p.u reactance on a 100 MVA

new
Z pu

new

S
old
B
Z pu old
SB

100
X G 0.18
0.2 p.u
90
100
X T 1 0.10
0.2 p.u
50
100
X T 2 0.06
0.15 p.u
40
100
X T 3 0.064
0.16 p.u
40
100
X T 4 0.08
0.2 p.u
40

Motor
old
X pu
18.5% 0.185

100 MVA

VBnew 11kV

old
B

66.5MVA

VBold 10.45kV

new
pu

old S
X pu
S

new
B

new
B
old
B

V

V

old
B
new
B

100 10.45
0.185

66.5 11

0.25 p.u

Line 1 & 2
Line 1

Line 2

VB 220kV

VB 110 kV

S B 100 MVA

S B 100 MVA

Base Impedance, XB
X B l1

VB2 220kV

484
S B 100 MVA

X B l2

VB2 110 kV

121
S B 100 MVA

P.U Impedance, Xpu

X p.u l

X actual 48.4

0.10 p.u
X B l1
484

X p.u l

X actual 65.43

0.54 p.u
X B l2
121

Load
S 57 MVA, V 10.45kV , p. f 0.6 lagging
cos 1 0.6 53.13o
Therefore ,
S L 3 5753.13o MVA
Z L ( actual )

VL L

*
L 3

10.45 2
57 53.13

1.1495 j1.53267

VB2 11kV

1.21
S B 100 MV
2

Z L ( Base )

Z L ( p.u )

Z L ( actual )
Z L ( Base )

1.1495 j1.53267

0.95 j1.2667 p.u


1.21

Per Unit Equivalent Circuit

Advantages
Give a clear idea of relative magnitudes of various

quantities, such as V, I, P & Z.


The per unit values of Z, V & I of transformer are the
same whether they are referred to the primary or
secondary side.
Ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of
complex power system problems.
The circuit laws are valid in per unit systems, and the
power and voltage equation are simplified since the
factor 3 and 3 are eliminates in the p.u systems.

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