2 NDFM 3

General Objective
1. To get an idea about compressibility of

fluids
2. To perform pressure measurements in
fluids
Specific Objectives
1. To quantify the Compressibility of fluids

2. To review the concepts of pressure
3. To prove the Pascal’s law
4. To derive an equation for the variation of pressure in a
fluid at rest
5. To compute the numerical value of pressure in a fluid.
Keywords
Compressibility, Bulk Modullus,

Atmospheric, gauge & vacuum pressure,
manometer, barometer,
Sp. Obj 1 :To quantify the Compressibility (β) of fluids
Stress (p = P/A)
ɖP
ɖV
ɖV/V
V
Volumetric Strain
The property by virtue of which fluids undergo a change in

volume under the action of external pressure is known as
compressibility.
Variation in volume of water

variation of pressure is so small that, for all practical purposes it is
neglected. Thus water is considered an incompressible liquid.
However, in the case of water flowing through pipes when sudden or

large changes in pressure takes place, the compressibility cannot be
neglected.
Elasticity of fluids is measured in terms of Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

(K), which is defined as ratio of compressive stress to volumetric
strain.
If p = Pressure of gas enclosed in the cylinder, when

V = Volume of the gas
When Pressure is increased to p + ∆p, Volume gets reduced
to V - ɖV
Then, volumetric Strain = - ɖV / V
( - sign indicates decrease in volume with increase of pressure)
∴ Bulk Modullus,
K = ɖp (increase of pressure) / (- ɖV / V volumetric strain)
= ɖp / (- ɖV / V )
Compressibility β = 1 / K
Sp. Obj 2 : To review the concepts of pressure
 A measure of the amount of force exerted

on a surface area
force
pressure=
area
 The pressure is just the weight of all the fluid

above you
 Atmospheric pressure is just the weight of all
the air above on area on the surface of the
earth
 In a swimming pool the pressure on your body
surface is just the weight of the water above
you (plus the air pressure above the water)
1 P1 = Patm
2 P2 = Patm +
ρ gh
The pressure of a fluid at rest increases

with depth (as a result of added weight)
In a room filled with gas, the variation of pressure with height is
negligible
Ptop = 1 atm
AIR
(A 5 m high room)
Pbottom = 1.006 atm
 The deeper one goes in a fluid, the more weight

above him and the more pressure
 Go to a mountaintop and the air pressure is lower
Pressure acts perpendicular to the surface
The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given fluid
regardless of geometry, provided that the points are interconnected by the
same fluid
Water
G
A B C D E F
Hg
H I
Pressure at which point is greater H or I?
Relationship between pressures
Pgauge
Pvac
Patm Pabs
Patm
Pabs
Absolute
Pabs = 0 Vacuum
Pabs = Patm – Pvac Pabs = Patm + Pgauge
30 cm
Ruler
(Gauge)
Ruler
1.3 m 30 cm
(Vacuum)
(Abs)
1m 1m
(Atm) (Atm)
70 cm
(Abs)
Ground
(Absolute)
Pabs = Patm + Pgauge Pabs = Patm – Pvac

Sp. Obj 2 : To prove the Pascal’s law
 Do you remember the Pascal’s law?
A2 > A1
Sp. Obj 2 : To prove the Pascal’s law
Pascal’s law states that the pressure at a point in a static fluid is
equal in all directions in space
Consider a very small wedge shaped element of a
liquid, where
P1 = Intensity of horizontal pressure on fluid element P3 l
P1Δz
P2 = Intensity of vertical pressure on fluid element
l
P3 = Intensity of pressure on diagonal of the right
angled trianlgular element.
Δy = 1 P2Δx
z
θ = Angle of the element of the liquid
x
Resolving the force in the horizontal & vertical
directions,
ΣFx = 0 & ΣFz = 0
P1Δ z – P3lsinθ = 0 & P2Δx – P3lcosθ -½ρ gΔxΔz =
0
From the right angled Δ, Δx = lcosθ , Δz = lsinθ
Obj 3 : To describe the property viscosity
Sp. Obj 3 : To derive an equation for the variation of pressure
in a fluid at rest
Consider a fluid element in a fluid at rest of area a and length δz,

as shown in the figure. For equilibrium in the z-direction, the sum
of all vertical forces acting on it must vanish.
DATUM LEVEL
DATUM LEVEL
Let the pressure at a
depth z below the free
p
surface be p and the The net pressure force z
increment in pressure acting δz

p
over a vertical depth
δz be δz such that the
p + ∂p δz/∂z
pressure below the
free surface is p + δp.
z
U-tube Manometer

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General Objective

1. To get an idea about compressibility of

1. To quantify the Compressibility of fluids

Compressibility, Bulk Modullus,

The property by virtue of which fluids undergo a change in

Variation in volume of water

However, in the case of water flowing through pipes when sudden or

Elasticity of fluids is measured in terms of Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

If p = Pressure of gas enclosed in the cylinder, when

 A measure of the amount of force exerted

 The pressure is just the weight of all the fluid

The pressure of a fluid at rest increases

 The deeper one goes in a fluid, the more weight

Pabs = Patm + Pgauge Pabs = Patm – Pvac

Consider a fluid element in a fluid at rest of area a and length δz,

increment in pressure acting δz

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