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Protocols

A protocol defines the standard rules for communication between devices. It specifies how frame bits are sent, including whether synchronously or asynchronously, how the destination address is communicated, how the source is identified, how frame length is defined, what type of content is being transmitted, and how errors are checked. Common protocols include HDLC for synchronous communication, RS-232 and Ethernet for networking, and protocols like HTTP, SMTP, and FTP for file transfers and networking in embedded systems.

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51 views25 pages

Protocols

A protocol defines the standard rules for communication between devices. It specifies how frame bits are sent, including whether synchronously or asynchronously, how the destination address is communicated, how the source is identified, how frame length is defined, what type of content is being transmitted, and how errors are checked. Common protocols include HDLC for synchronous communication, RS-232 and Ethernet for networking, and protocols like HTTP, SMTP, and FTP for file transfers and networking in embedded systems.

Uploaded by

subasrijayagopi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Communication Protocols

Protocol
A protocol is a standard adopted,
which tells the way in which the bits of
a frame must be sent from a device
(or controller or port or processor) to
another device or system

A protocol defines how are the frame


bits:
1) sent Synchronously or Isosynchronously or asynchronously
and at what rate(s)?
2) preceded by the header bits?

3) How the receiving device address


communicated so that only destined
device activates and receives the bits?

[Needed when several devices addressed


though a common line (bus)]
4

4) How can the transmitting device


address defined so that receiving
device comes to know the source
when receiving data from several
sources?
5) How the frame-length defined so that
receiving device know the frame-size
in advance?

6) Frame-content specifications Are


the sent frame bits specify the control or
device configuring or command or data?
7) Are there succeeding to frame the
trailing bits so that receiving device
can check the errors, if any in
reception before it detects end of the
frame ?
6

A protocol may also define:


8) Frame bits minimum and maximum
length permitted per frame
9) Line supply and impedances and
line-Connectors specifications

Specified protocol at an embedded system


port or communication device
IO port bits are sent according to a
specified protocol, which is to be
followed when communicating with
another device through an IO port or
channel

Protocols

HDLC, Frame Relay, for


synchronous communication

For asynchronous transmission from a device


port RS232C, UART, X.25, ATM, DSL and
ADSL

For networking the physical devices in


telecommunication and computer networks
Ethernet and token ring protocols used in
LAN networks
9

Protocols in embedded network devices

For Bridges and routers


Internet appliances application protocols
and Web protocols HTTP (hyper text
transfer protocol), HTTPS (hyper text
transfer protocol Secure Socket Layer),
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol),
POP3 (Post office Protocol version 3),
ESMTP (Extended SMTP),
10

File transfer, Boot Protocols in


Embedded

TELNET (Tele network),


FTP (file transfer protocol),
DNS (domain network server),
IMAP 4 (Internet Message Exchange
Application Protocol) and
Bootp (Bootstrap protocol).
11

Wireless Protocols in embedded


devices network

Embedded wireless appliances uses


wireless protocols

WLAN 802.11, 802.16, Bluetooth,


ZigBee, WiFi, WiMax,

12

Exemplary Protocol HDLC

HDLC (High-level Data Link


Control) is a standard protocol for the
data link network.
For synchronous communication
between two data link layers on a
network.

1
3

The contents of an HDLC frame are shown in the following table:

The contents of an HDLC frame

Flag

8 bits

Control

Informati
on

FCS

Flag

8 or more 8 or 16
bits
bits

Variable
length, 0
or more
bits

16 or 32
bits

8 bits

Address

1
4

1
5

Formats of bits in a HDLC frame

There are two formats Standard


HDLC and Extended HDLC for
28 and 216 destination devices or
systems, respectively .

1
6

Sequence of bits in a HDLC frame

1
7

Frame
start
Compulsory(01111110)

signaling flag bits;


Flag bits at
are
start

1
8

Address
bits
destination
Compulsory
for
8 bits in Standard HDLC
16 bits in extended format

1
9

Control bits Case 1:

Information Frame
First bit 0, next 3-bits N(S), next
bit P/F and last 3-bits N(R) in
standard format
N(R) :sequence number of frame
received earlier from a device to
which this HDLC frame is being
sent
N(S) :sequence number of frame send
P/F
:Polling means to detect
through
an acknowledgement

2
0

Control
bits Case 2:
Supervisory Frame; First two bits
bits(10),
RR ornext
RNR2- or REJ or SREJ,
next bit P/F and last 3-bits
N(R) in standard format.

RR- A message in control bits in case 2,


which
conveys Receiver Ready
RNR - Receiver Not Ready
REJ Reject (Sent when a message rejects).
SREJ Selectively Reject Frame received
out-of-sequence, repeat suggested. REJ and
SREJ are negative Acknowledgement NACK 2
1

Control bits Case 3: Un-numbered


Frame; First two bits (11), next 2-bits
^M,
bit P/F
and
3-bit
next
last bits for M.
are
remaining [8-bits
immaterial
after M bits in
extended format]
M- For command or Response from
the transmitter- Reset, Disconnect or
a set of defined mopde type
2
2

Data bits; Compulsory; m frame


bits transmitted; Each bit is at the
the
lineline
for for
time time
m.T.T or, each
serial
frame is at

10
2
3

FCS (Frame Check Sequence)


bits; Compulsory; 16 bits in
standard
and 32
format extended
in
format

24

Frame End flag bits;


Flag bitsCompulsory;
at end = (01111110)

25

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