This document provides an overview of DC electric motors. It discusses the basic components and construction of DC motors, including the armature, commutator, and field poles. It also covers key operating principles such as armature reaction, methods to minimize commutation problems, and the different types of DC motors including shunt, series, and compound motors. Characteristics of DC generators such as open-circuit characteristics and load characteristics are also summarized. The document provides examples to illustrate DC motor concepts and solutions to practice problems.
This document provides an overview of DC electric motors. It discusses the basic components and construction of DC motors, including the armature, commutator, and field poles. It also covers key operating principles such as armature reaction, methods to minimize commutation problems, and the different types of DC motors including shunt, series, and compound motors. Characteristics of DC generators such as open-circuit characteristics and load characteristics are also summarized. The document provides examples to illustrate DC motor concepts and solutions to practice problems.
This document provides an overview of DC electric motors. It discusses the basic components and construction of DC motors, including the armature, commutator, and field poles. It also covers key operating principles such as armature reaction, methods to minimize commutation problems, and the different types of DC motors including shunt, series, and compound motors. Characteristics of DC generators such as open-circuit characteristics and load characteristics are also summarized. The document provides examples to illustrate DC motor concepts and solutions to practice problems.
This document provides an overview of DC electric motors. It discusses the basic components and construction of DC motors, including the armature, commutator, and field poles. It also covers key operating principles such as armature reaction, methods to minimize commutation problems, and the different types of DC motors including shunt, series, and compound motors. Characteristics of DC generators such as open-circuit characteristics and load characteristics are also summarized. The document provides examples to illustrate DC motor concepts and solutions to practice problems.
Conventional DC generators are being replaced by the solid state rectifiers where ac supply is available. The same is not true for dc motors because of Constant mechanical power output or constant torque Rapid acceleration or deceleration Responsiveness to feedback signals
1W to 10,000 hp Applications in electric vehicles to extend their range and reduce vehicle weight, in steel and aluminum rolling mills, traction motors, electric trains, overhead cranes, control devices, etc.
Introduction Electromagnetic Energy Conversion: 1.
2.
When armature conductors move in a magnetic field produced
by the current in stator field winding, voltage is induced in the armature conductors. When current carrying armature conductors are placed in a magnetic field produced by the current in stator field winding, the armature conductors experience a mechanical force.
These two effects occur simultaneously in a DC machine
whenever energy conversion takes place from electrical to mechanical or vice versa.
Constructional Features of DC Machines
Commutator along with the armature
on the rotor Salient-pole on the stator and, except for a few smaller machines, commutating poles between the main poles. Field windings (as many as 4): Two fields that act in a corrective capacity to combact the detrimental effects of armature reaction, called the commutating (compole or interpole) and compensating windings, which are connected in series with the armature. Two normal exciting field windings, the shunt and series windings
Schematic Connection Diagram of a DC Machine
Armature Reaction
If a load is connected to the terminals of the dc
machine, a current will flow in its armature windings. This current flow will produce a magnetic field of its own, which will distort the original magnetic field from the machines field poles. This distortion of the magnetic flux in a machine as the load is increased is called the armature reaction.
Armature Reaction(AR)
AR is the magnetic field produced by the
armature current AR aids the main flux in one half of the pole and opposes the main flux in the other half of the pole The net effect is the reduction of the field current
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Minimizing Armature Reaction
Since AR reduces main flux, voltage in generators and torque in motors reduces with it. This is particularly objectionable in steel rolling mills that require sudden torque increase. Compensating windings put on pole faces can effectively negate the effect of AR. These windings are connected in series with armature winding.
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Minimizing commutation problems
Smooth transfer of current during commutation is hampered by a) coil inductance and b) voltage due to AR flux in the interpolar axis. This voltage is called reactance voltage. Can be minimized using interpoles. They produce an opposing field that cancels out the AR in the interpolar region. Thus this winding is also connected in series with the armature winding. Note: The UVic lab motors have interpoles in them. This should be connected in series with the armature 18 winding for experiments.
Equivalent Circuit of a DC Machine
If
Ia_gen If
Ia_mot
+ Vf
Rf
Ra +
Vt
Rf
Ra Vt Ea
Ea
IL
Ia -
Vf I f Rf Vt Ea I a Ra
Generated emf and Electromagnetic Torque
Vf I f Rf Motor: Vt > Ea Vt Ea I a Ra Generator: Vt > Ea Voltage generated in the armature circuit due the flux of the stator field current
Ea K a d m Ka: design constant Electromagnetic torque
Te K a d I a
Pem Ea I a Te m
Magnetization Curve Ea K a m Flux is a non-linear function of field current and hence Ea is a non-linear function of field current For a given value of flux Ea is directly proportional to m
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Types of DC Machines Both the armature and field circuits carry direct current in the case of a DC machine.
Types: Self-excited DC machine: when a machine supplies its own excitation of the field windings. In this machine, residual magnetism must be present in the ferromagnetic circuit of the machine in order to start the self-excitation process. Separately-excited DC machine: The field windings may be separately excited from an eternal DC source. Shunt Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in parallel. Shunt generator can be separately-excited or self-excited. Series Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in series.
Separately-Excited and Self-Excited DC Generators
If
IL +
If + DC Supply
Ra Rf
Vt
Rf
Ra Vt Ea
Ea
Ia
Separately-Excited
IL
Self-Excited
Shunt Excited DC Machine
Shunt Field Coil
Armature RA
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Series Excited DC Machine
RA
Armature
Series Field Coil
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Compound Excited DC Machine
Series Field Coil
Shunt Field Coil
Armature RA
If the shunt and series field aid each other it is called a cumulatively excited machine If the shunt and series field oppose each other it is called a differentially excited machine 26
Separately Excited DC Generator
Rf
If
Vf
+ -
Ra
RL Ea
Field Coil
Armature
Field equation: Vf=RfIf
+ Vt Ia
Armature equation: Vt=Ea-IaRa
Vt=IaRL, Ea=Kam
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Shunt Generators If
Ia I f
Ia + Ea
Shunt Field Coil
Field coil has Rfw :
Implicit field resistance
Armature RL Ra
Vt
Rfc Field equation: Vt=Rf If
Armature equation: Vt=Ea-Ia Ra
Rf=Rfw+Rfc
Vt=(Ia If) RL, Ea=Kam
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Example 1 A 100-kW, 250-V DC shunt generator has an armature resistance of 0.05 and field circuit resistance of 60 . With the generator operating at rated voltage, determine the induced voltage at (a) full load, and (b) half-full load.
(a) At full load,
Solution to Example 1 Vt=Ea-IaRa If I a If=250/60=4.17 A + IL_FL=100,000/250=400 A Ea Ia=IL_FL+If=400+4.17=404.17 A Ea=Vt+IaRa=250+404.17*0.05=270. 2V
Ia I f
Armature RL Ra
(b) At half load,
If=250/60=4.17 A IL_HL=50,000/250=200 A Ia=IL_HL+If=200+4.17=20 4.17 A Ea=Vt+IaRa=250+204.17 *0.05=260.2 V
Rfc
Example 2
If
Vf
Rf
+ -
Ra
Example 2-solution
RL Ea
Field Coil -
Armature
+ Vt Ia
DC Generator Characteristics
In general, three characteristics specify the steady-state
performance of a DC generators: 1. Open-circuit characteristics: generated voltage versus field current at constant speed. 2. External characteristic: terminal voltage versus load current at constant speed. 3. Load characteristic: terminal voltage versus field current at constant armature current and speed.
DC Generator Characteristics
The terminal voltage of a dc
generator is given by Vt E a I a Ra
f I f , m Armature reaction drop
I a Ra
Open-circuit and load characteristics
DC Generator Characteristics
It can be seen from the external
characteristics that the terminal voltage falls slightly as the load current increases. Voltage regulation is defined as the percentage change in terminal voltage when full load is removed, so that from the external characteristics,
E a Vt Voltage regulation 100 Vt
External characteristics
Self-Excited DC Shunt Generator
Maximum permissible value of the field resistance if the terminal voltage has to build up.
Schematic diagram of connection
Open-circuit characteristic
Comparison between the Shunt and Series Connected DC Motor
Power Division in DC Machines
Arm. copper loss Ia2Ra+brush contact loss Input from DC Generator prime-mover
Elec-magnetic
Arm. terminal
Output power
Power =EaIa
power = Vta Ia
= V t IL
No-load rotational loss (friction
+windage+core)+stray load loss
Series field loss IL2Rs
+shunt field loss If2Rf
Arm. copper loss
Ia2Ra+brush contact loss Input power from DC Motor mains =V I t L
Arm. terminal
Elec-magnetic
Output available
power = Vta Ia
Power =EaIa
at the shaft
Series field loss IL2Rs
+shunt field loss If2Rf
No-load rotational loss (friction
+windage+core)+stray load loss
Efficiency Power Output Power Input Power Input Losses
Power Input Losses 1 Power Input
The losses are made up of rotational losses (3-15%), armature
circuit copper losses (3-6%), and shunt field copper loss (1-5%). The voltage drop between the brush and commutator is 2V and the brush contact loss is therefore calculated as 2Ia.
